PHYSICS – STANDARD XII
UNIT – 1 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Expected
specific
outcomes of
learning
(1)
Understands the
concept
of
motion
of
electrons.

Content in
Terms of Concepts
(2)

Curriculum
Transactional
Strategies
(3)

Illustrations
(4)

Evaluation
(5)
Define drift velocity.
What is the drift
velocity of electron
in
a
copper
conductor
having
-6
2
area 10 x 10 m
with a current of
20A. Assume that
there are 10 x 1028
electrons/m3.
State ohms law.

1.1.Electric current –
flow of charges in
a
metallic
conductor.
1.2.Drift velocity and
mobility and their
relation
with
electric current.

Explains the flow
of charges in a
metallic
conductor.
Derives
the
expression
for
drift velocity.

Establishes the
relationship
among
drift
velocity,
mobility
and
current.

Recalls
ohm’s
law
and
understands
voltage
current
characteristics

1.3.Ohm’s
law,
electrical
resistance. V -I
characteristics.

Understands the
resistivity
and
conductivity
of
materials.

1.4.Electrical
resistivity
and
conductivity.
Classification
of
materials in terms
of conductivity.

Contructs
the
simple circuit and
establishes
the
relationship
between current
and voltage.
Defines resistivity
of a material. and
conductivity.
Gives their units.

Illustrates
graphically
ohms law and
hence
resistance of a
conductor.
Lists out the
electrical
resistivities
of
certain
materials.

Appreciates the
applications
of
superconductors
.

1.5.Superconductivity
(elementary idea)

Explain the idea
of
super
conductivity.
Demonstrates
magnetic
levitation one of
the new High –
temperature
super conductors
–(yttrium
barium – copper
oxide)
copper
oxide.
Explains
to
identify the colour
codes and finds
the
value
of
resistance.
Explains
the
effective
resistance
of
resistances
connected
in
series
and
parallel.

Gives
the
examples
of
superconductin
g materials.
Gives the uses
of
super
conductors and
Superconductin
g
electromagnets
.

Identifies
the
colour code in
resistors.

1.6.Carbon resistors
– colour code for
carbon resistors.

Understands the
different
combination
of
resistors.

1.7.Combriation
resistance
series
parallel

Sees
relationship
between
variation

the

of

1.8.

of
–
and

Temperature
dependence
of
resistance.

Explains
variation
resistance
temperature

the
of
with

Discuss
the
type of colour
code with the
given resistor.
Measures the
effective
resistance
using
multimeter and
check
the
answer with the
calculated
value.
Explains
the
temperature
dependence on
semi

No. of
Periods
allotted
(6)

1

1

A manganin wire of
length 2m having a
diameter of 0.4mm
with a resistance of
70 ohms. Find the
resistivity of the
material.
What
is
the
resistance of the
material
at
superconducting
temperature?

1

1

The colours of a
resistor
Brown,
Black and red what
is the value of
resistor?
If
the
effective
resistances are 10
ohm, 2.4 ohms
when
they
are
connected in series
and parallel. What
are resistances of
the
individual
resistors.
A copper coil has a
resistance of 20
o
ohms at 20 C. Find
its resistance at
o

1

1

1

resistance with
temperature.

(thermistor)
Gives
the
equations
for
variation
of
resistance
with
temperature.

Understands the
variation internal
resistance with
external
resistance.

1.9.Internal
resistance of a cell
–
(Potential
difference and emf
of a cell.

Explains
with
circuit
diagram
and
finds
the
internal
resistance of a
cell.

Understands the
Kirchoff’s
laws
are based on
conservation
laws.

1.10.Krichoff’s law –
illustration
by
simple circuits.

State Kirchhoff’s
laws and explains
the
circuit
diagram.

Understands in
comparison
of
the resistances
in wheats tone
network.

1.11.Wheatstone’s
Bridge and its
application
for
temperature
coefficient
of
resistance
measurement.

Obtains
condition
wheatstone
bridge.
Defines
temperature
coefficient
resistance.

the
for

conductors.
Represents
graphically
variation
of
resistance and
resistivity with
temperature.
Determines the
internal
resistance
of
cell
using
voltmeter.

Estimate
the
current
and
potential
difference
in
the
electrical
circuits
with
numerical
examples.
Draws
circuit
diagram
for
measuring
resistance of a
given coil.

of

o

60 C. Assume ? ?
=4
-3
x 10 per degree.

A
potential
difference of a cell
in open circuit is 6V
but it falls to 4V
when a current of
2A is drawn from it.
What is internal
resistance of the
cell?
Mention the sign
convention to be
following
while
using the 2 laws.

In a Wheatstone’s
bridge.
If the galvanometer
shows
zero
deflection
P = 1000? Q =
10,000?
? R = 20?

1

2

1

What is value of
unknown
resistance?
Applies
the
principle
of
wehatstones
bridge.

1.12. Metrebridge –
Special case of
wheatstone
bridge.

Understands
principle
potentiometer
and applies
measurement
emf.

1.13.Potentiometer –
principle
application
to
measure potential
difference and for
comparing
the
emf of two cells.

the
of
for
of

Understands the
measure
of
heating effect of
an
electric
current.

1.14.Electric power

Explains
with
circuit
diagram,
the determination
of
specific
resistance of the
given wire.
Explains
the
principle
of
working of
a
potentiometer
with
schematic
diagram.
Discuss
the
difference
between emf and
potential
differences.
Explains
the
measurement of
electrical energy.
Gives its unit.

2

Compares the
resistance
of
two wires using
metre bridge.

How are end errors
of
the
wire
eliminated?

Demonstrate
an experiment
to measure an
emf
with
a
potentiometer,
hence
compares two
emf’s.

Name the material
used in making
potentio meter.
Is emf is work or
force?

Measures
energy suppled
for few hours
with
the
application
of
current at a
potential
difference
–
Numerical

An
electric
iron
when
hot
a
resistance of 80
ohms is used on
200volt circuit for 2
hours,
find
the
electrical
energy
consumed.

2

1

1

Understands the
theory of electric
conduction
through liquids.

1.15.Chemical
of current

Appreciates the
process
of
chemical effect
in designing the
primary cells.

1.16.Electro chemical
cells (Primary –
(Voltaic,
Lechlanche,
Daniel and Dry
cells)

Recalls primary
and
secondary
cells.

1.17.Secondary
–
rechargeable cell
(lead
acid
accumulator)
Alkali
accumulator.

Explains
the
working
of
rechargeable
cells and alkali
accumulator.

Mentions
the
application
of
secondary cells
and solid state
cells.

1.18.Solid state cells.

Observes
the
solid state cells
used in watches.

Lists out the
application
of
solid
state
cells.

Appreciates the
solid state cells
in everyday life.

effect

Explains
Faraday’s law of
electrolysis and
experimentally
verifies the first
and
second
laws..
Explains
the
principles
and
working of cells
with diagrams.

Numerical
examples.
Experimentally
Mention
verifies
the application
principle using electrolysis.
copper
voltameter.

Lists out the
emf of electro
chemical cells.

some
of

Distinguish
between
primary
and
secondary
cells.

1

1

Why
automobile
batteries have low
internal resistance?
1

UNIT- 2 – EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Understands the
heating effect of
current.
Understands the
principle
of
thermo emf.

Understands the
idea of magnetic
field from electric
current.

Understands the
principle of BiotSavart law.

2.1.Heating
effect.
Joule’s
law
–
Experimental
verification.
Thermoelectric
effects – Seebeck
effect – Peltier
effect – Thomson
effect
–
Thermocouple,
thermoemf
neutral
and
inversion
temperature.
Measurement of
thermo emf using
potentiometer
–
Thermopile.
2.2.Magnetic effect of
electric current –
Concept
of
magnetic
field,
Oersted’s
experiment.

2.3. Biot-Savart law.

Explains
transformation of
electrical energy
into
thermal
energy. Explains
the
elementary
idea
of
thermoelectricity
based
on
electron theory.
Explains
the
experimental
measurement of
thermo emf using
potentiometer.

Verifies
experimentally
Joule’s law.

Demonstrate
Oersteds’
experiment
and
observes
the
deflection
of
magnetic needle
under
the
influence
of
current
carrying
conductor.
State
and
explains
Biot
Savart law, and
gives its vector

Observes
the
direction
of
magnetic field
by
passing
current through
a conductor.

Is the magnetic field
due to a current loop
uniform? Explain.

Lists out the
quantities
involved in the
magnetic field

Give various forms
of Biot - Savart law.

3

State Joule’s law.
State peltier effect
and Thomson effect.

Establishes the
relation
between
neutral
temperature
and
invesion
temperature.

2

Describes
thermopile.

1

1

formula.

Understands the
magnetic
field
arises due to the
flow of current in
a conductor.

Understands the
construction and
working
of
Tangent
galvanometer.
Recognizes the
magnetic
lines
around
a
solonoid.
Applies
Amperes’
circuital law in
solenoids.

Understands the
force
on
a
moving charge.

Understands the
force an current
carrying
conductor.

Understands the
application
of
Lorentz force in
moving
coil
galvanometer.
Knows

to

2.4.Magnetic
field
due
to
an
infinitely
long
current
carrying
straight wire and
circular coil.

Dervies
an
expression
for
magnetic
field
due
to
an
infinitely
long
current
carrying
straight wire and
circular loop.

Tangent
galvanometer
Construction
working.

Uses
Tangent
law in T.G.

–
and

2.5. Bar magnet as
an
equivalent
solonoid
–
magnetic
field
lines.
Ampere’s circuital
law
and
its
application
to
straight
and
Toroidal solenoids.
2.6.Force
on
a
moving charge in
uniform
magnetic
field and Electric
field.

2.7. Force on current
carrying conductor
in
a
uniform
magnetic
field,
forces
between
two parallel current
–
Carrying
conductors
–
definition
of
ampere.

2.8.Torque
experienced by a
current loop in a
uniform
magnetic
field-moving
coil
galvanometer.
2.9.Convertion
to

Explains
magnetic field on
a solenoid.
Explains
the
Ampere’s circuital
law
and
its
application.

Explains Lorentz
force
and
direction
with
diagram.
Explains
the
force
on
a
charged particle
in an magnetic
field.
Derives
an
expression
for
force an a current
carrying
conductor
and
two
parallel
current – carrying
conductor
–
hence.
Defines
the ampere.

at point due to
a
current
element.
Observes
the
direction
of
magnetic field
produced
by
straight
conductor,
circular coil at
the centre and
on the axis of a
circular
coil
carrying
current.
Deduces
the
reduction factor
of T.G.

Explains
formation
magntic
lines.

Derives
an
expression for
straight
and
torroidal
solenoids.
Explains
the
construction
and working of
cyclotron.

Finds
the
direction
of
force
using
Fleming’s
left
hand rule.

Explains
torque
experienced by a
current loop in a
uniform magnetic
field.
Explains

Demonstrates

4

Explain how current
is measured using a
T.G.

2

1

the
of
field

Discusses the
cases :Two
conductors
carrying current
in the same
direction
and
opposite
direction.
Explains
construction
and working of
moving
coil
galvanometer.

the

What is the unit of
magnet field?
Calculate
the
magnetic flux density
at a distance of
0.01m from a very
long
straight
conductor carrying a
current of 10A.

State End Rule
Mention some
applications of
solenoids.

What
are
advantages
and
disadvantage
of
cyclotron?
Name the particles
which are usually
accelerated
by
cyclotron.
State Fleming’s left
hand rule.
Two long parallel
wires
carrying
currents of 3 ampere
and
4
ampere
respectively
in
opposite directions.
The
seperation
between them is
0.1m calculate the
force exerted per
unti length by one
over the other.
Mention
the
advantages
of
a
moving
coil
galvanometer.

A rectangular coil of

2

1

2

2

2

convert
a
galvanometer
into
voltmeter
and ammeter.

ammeter
voltmeter.

and

Understands the
current loop as a
magnetic dipole.

2.10.Current loop as
a magnetic dipole
and its magnetic
dipole moment.

Understands
magnetic dipole
moment of a
revolving.

2.11.Magnetic dipole
moment
of
a
revolving
electron.

sensitivity
of
galvanometer
–
current
sensitivity.
Explains
the
conversion
of
moving
coil
galvanometer to
ammeter
and
voltmeter.
Explains
the
current
loop
behaves
as
dipole
hence
Gives formula for
dipole moment.
Derives
an
expression
for
magnetic dipole
moment
of
a
revolving
electron.

the conversion
of
galvanometer
into
voltmeter
and ammeter.

Identifies
the
direction
of
dipole moment
and gives its
unit.
Estimates the
magnetic dipole
moment of an
electron
in
Hydrogen
atom.

side 5 cm and 3 cm
having 1000 turns
carrying current of
50 mA is placed in a
uniform
magnetic
field of 0.05 Tesla
directed along an x
axis.
What
is
maximum
torque
produced in the coil?
If the magnet is cut
into two equal parts
what is the magnetic
moment?

In a hydrogen atom
electron moves in an
orbit of radius 0.5Å
making
1016
revolutions
per
second
determine
the
magnetic
moment associated
with orbital motion of
electron.

1

1

UNIT – 3 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
Understands the
production
of
induced emf and
induced current.

3.1.Electromagnetic
induction
–
Faraday’s law –
induced emf and
current – Lenz’s
law.

Explains
the
experiments
of
Faraday.
Explains
Faraday’s
laws
and lenz’s law.

Demonstrates
the
induced
emf with a coil
and magnet.

Recognizes the
process
of
inducing
the
back emf in a
coil.

3.2.Self induction –
Mutual induction
– Self inductance
of a long solenoid
–
mutual
inductance of two
long solenoids.

Explains
and
Defines
coefficient of selfinduction
and
coefficient
of
mutual induction.

Recalls
the
methods
of
inducing
emf.
Understands the
production
of
A.C. by rotating
the
coil
in
uniform
magnetic field.

3.3.Methods
of
inducing emf – (1)
by
changing
magnetic induction
(2) by changing
area enclosed by
the coil and (3) by
changing
the
orientation of the
coil
(quantitative
treatment)
analytical
treatment can also

Explains
the
three methods of
inducing
emf.
Obtains
the
expression
for
the
alternating
emf.

Derives
the
expression for
emf in terms of
flux and rate of
change
of
current. States
and defines the
unit
of
inductance.
Applies
Faraday’s
concept in the
methods
of
inducing
emf.
Draws
the
sinusoidal
curve.

5

A small piece of a
wire is moved across
the gap between the
pole pieces of a
magnet
in
0.5
second.
The
magnetic flux is 8 x
-4
10
wb. Calculate
the emf induced in
the wire.
If a rate of change of
current of 2 A/s
induces an emf of
10 mv in a solenoid.
Find
the
selfinductance.
Define coefficient of
mutual induction.
The emf is given by
e = 300 sin (314 t +
?/4) what is (i) the
amplitude (ii) the
frequency of rotation
and (iii) the phase
angle?

2

2

3

Understands the
construction and
working of AC
generator.
Recognises the
distribution
of
three phase AC
in the houses.
Understands the
induced emf in a
solid
mass.
Recognises the
working
of
transformer.

Understands the
relation between
rms value and
peak value of
current.
Recognises the
applications
of
resonance.

be included.
3.4.AC
generator
commercial
generator. (Single
phase,
three
phase)
–
Distribution
of
three phase AC
(star
connection,
Delta connection)
3.5.Eddy current –
Applications
–
Transformer
–
Long
distance
transmission.

3.6.Alternating
current
–
measurement
of
AC – AC circuit
with resistance –
AC
circuit
with
inductor
–
AC
circuit
with
capacitor - LCR
series circuit –
Resonance and Q
– factor: power in
AC circuits – LC
oscillations
–
choke
coil
–
Advantages
and
disadvantages
of
A.C. over D.C.

Describes
construction
working of
generator.
Mentions
single phase
three phase
generator.

the
and
AC
the
and
AC

Explains the eddy
current and give
its applications.
Demonstrates the
construction and
working
of
a
transformer.

Explains
the
measurement of
AC
with
its
heating
effect.
Discusses about
the AC circuits
with (1) R (2) L
(3) C and LCR.
Explains the Qfactor or quality
factor
quantitatively and
also with graph.
Explains
the
oscillations
produced in LC
circuit.
Explains how a
choke coil is used
to regulate the
current.

Explains
the
electrical
connections
through which
the three phase
AC is being
distributed.

What is the principle
of AC generator?
Draw the sketch of
electrical connection
in your house.

Lists out the
applications of
eddy current.
States
the
various losses
in
a
transformer.
Appreciates the
power
transmission
through
long
distance
with
the
use
of
transformer.

A
step-down
transformer having a
power
output
of
10KW and efficiency
90% reduces the
voltage from 11KV to
220V.
Calculate
the
number of turns in
the primary if the
secondary has 100
turns.
Can the transformer
be used to step up
the DC?

Appreciates the
uses
of
resonance.
Observes that
a higher Q value indicates
a
small
bandwidth and
hence
a
sharper
peak
calculates the
power in an AC
circuit.
Mentions
the
power factor.
Observes that
the
energy
stored in the
inductor
and
capactor
(LC)
appears in the
form
of
electromagneti
c oscillations.

Define
Q-factor.
What
is
the
frequency
of
LC
oscillations?
What is the use of
choke coil?
What
are
the
advantages
and
disadvantages of AC
over DC?
Define
resonant
frequency?

3

3

3

UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND WAVE OPTICS
Recalls the
electro magnetic
waves and their
wavelength and
frequency
ranges.

4.1.Electromagnetic
waves and their
characteristics.

Explains Maxwell
displacement
current.

Derives
dimensionally
velocity of light
C=

6

1
? o? o

What are electromagnetic waves?
Describe briefly the
history
of
electromagnetic
waves.

1

4.2.Transverse
nature
of
electromagnetic
waves.

Appreciates the
application
of
electromagnetic
spectrum

4.3.Electromagnetic
spectrum Radio,
microwaves. Infra
red, optical, ultra
violet – x – rays,
gamma rays.

Explains
accelerated
charge is the
source
of
electromagnetic
waves – Hertz
experiment.
Explains
briefly
electromagnetic
spectrum - Radio,
Microwaves, infra
red,
visible,
ultraviolet,
Xrays,
gamma
rays.

Understands the
propagation
of
electromagnetic
waves
in
atmosphere.
Understands the
origin
of
emission
and
absorption
spectra.

4.4.Propagation
of
electro-magnetic
waves
in
atmosphere.

Mentions
the
uses
of
electromagnetic
waves.

4.5.Emission
and
Absorption
spectrum – Line,
Band
and
continuous
spectra

Explains
emission
and
absorption
spectra;
continuous
spectra line, and
band.

Appreciates
propagation
light
in
forms.

4.6.Theories of light –
Corpuscular
–
Wave
–
Electromagnetic
and
Quantum
theories.

Discusses
the
various
theories
of light.

Understands the
phenomenon of
scattering of light
by molecules.
Appreciates the
scattering of light
by
minute
particles – Blue
colour of sky.

4.7.Scattering of light
–
Rayleigh’s
scattering
–
Tyndal scattering
– Raman effect –
Raman spectrum.
Blue colour of the
sky and reddish
appearance of the
sun and sun rise
and sun set.

Explains
the
phenonmenon of
sctattering of light
– Blue of sky.
Explains Raman
effect
and
explains Raman
spectrum.

Understands the
wave nature of
light.
Identifies
the
types
of
wavefront.

4.8.Wavefront
and
Huygen’s
principle
–
Reflection, Total
internal reflection
and refraction of
plane wave at a
plane
surface
using wavefronts.

Explains different
wavefront
diagrammatically.
Proves
geometrically
laws of reflection
and refraction by
Huygen’s
principle.

the
of
two

Describe
the
transverse
nature
of
electromagneti
c waves.

Tabulates the
frequency,
wavelength and
method
of
production
of
electromagneti
c radiations.
Methods
of
deduction
of
UV, Infra red
radiation.
Applies the use
of microwaves
for
communication
and radar.
Represents
diagrammaticall
y dark lines in
the absorption
spectrum of an
element
corresponds to
bright lines in
its
emission
spectrum.
Differentiates
the
various
theories.

1

Write the wavelength
of microwaves, ? ?
rays
radio waves, ultra
violet rays.
1

Why is it necessary
to use satellites for
long
distance
TV
transmission?
Distinguish between
emission
and
absorption
spectra.
Give example to each
case.

1

1

Distinguish corpuscle
and photon.
1

7

Explains
Rayleigh’s law
of scattering.
Experimental
arrangement
for the study of
Raman
effect
and
Raman
lines.
Mentions
the
applications of
Raman
spectrum.
Demonstrates
ripple
tank
method
of
study
propagation of
waves in wafer.
Discuss
relation

the

Mention
the
applications
of
Raman effect.
What
is
Tyndal
scattering?
1

What is wavefront?
What is the shape of
the wavefront (a) a
finite distance from
the source (b) an
infinite distance from
the source.
What is the velocity
of light in glass of

2

Understands the
principle
of
superposition of
waves.
Understands the
formation
of
Newton’s rings.

4.9.Interference
–
Young’s
double
slit
experiment
and
expression
for fringe width –
coherent source
interference
of
light. Formation of
colours in thin
films – analytical
treatment
–
Newton’s rings.

Appriciates the
diffraction effect
through a single
slit.

4.10.Diffraction
–
diffraction due to
a single slit Width of central
maximum.
Differences
between
interference and
diffraction
of
light. Diffraction
grating.

Demonstrates the
transverse nature
of light by means
of vibrating rope

refractive index 1.5?

Explains
the
phenomenon of
polarization,
production
of
plane plarised
light in using
tourmaline
plate.

What
is
plane
polarized light?
Distinguish
ordinary
light and polarised
light.

What
is
phase
difference for path
difference ??
What is the effect on
the
interference
fringes in young’s
double
slit
experiment
if
the
seperation
in
between two slit is
increased?
- Why an oil film on
the surface of water
appears coloured?
What is diffraction of
light?
What
is
grating
element?
What is maximum
number of order of
‘diffraction in grating’.

4.11 Polarisation
light waves

Understands
polarisation
by
reflection
by
Brewster’s law

4.12 Polarisation by
reflection
–
Brewster’s law double refraction
Nicol prism

Establishes
the
relation between
refractive
index
and
polarising
angle.
Explain
Nicol
prism

How can plane
polarized light
be obtained by
reflection.
Hence discuss
the working of
a pile of plates.

Light is reflected from
the surface of glass
plate of ? = 1.56.
Find
angle
of
refraction?
What
is
double
refraction?
Name few uniaxial
and biaxial crystals.

4.13 Uses of plane
polarised
light
and polaroids –
Rotatory
polarisation
–
polarimeter

Mentions
the
uses of polaroids
in
spectacle
glasses,
stereoscopic
effects, motor car
head
lights,
infrared filter.

Lists out the
modern type of
polarioids.
Explains optical
activity

How are polaroids
used to create three
dimensional effects?

8

2

2

Appreciates the
vibration
of
particle
in
a
particular
direction

Appreciates the
use of polaroids
in daily life.

of

Explains
coherent sources
and
their
importance
in
interference.
Discusses
the
phenomenon
of
interference
of
light.
Derives
an
expression
for
path
difference
between
interfering waves.
Decribes
the
theory
of
diffraction at a
single slit.
Calculate
the
width of central
maxima.
Mentions
the
differences
between
interference and
diffraction of light.

between
refractive index
and velocity in
different media.
Illustrates the
principle
of
superposition
of waves.
Demonstrates
young
double
slit experiment
– and derives
an expression
for bandwidth.
Mentions
the
condition
for
inference
of
light.
Explain
the
condition
for
path difference
to maxima and
minima.
Describes the
plane
transmission
grating.
Determines the
wave-length of
different
colours of white
light
using
spectrometer.

1

1

1

Unit 5 – ATOMIC PHYSICS
Understands the
properties
of
electon and the
nuclear structure
of the atom.
Appreciates the
experimental
determination of
specific charge
and charge of
electron.

Understands the
Bohr’s
model.
Appreciates the
line spectra of
hydrogen.
Sodium
and
mercury.
Appreciates the
quantised
energy levels of
atoms, excitation
and
ionization
potentials.

Understands the
Sommerfield’s
relativistic atom
model
and
vector
atom
model.

Understands the
magnetic
moments
of
atoms and their
space
quantisation.

5.1. Atomic structure
– Discovery of the
electron – specific
charge
(Thomsons
method)
(Millikan’s oil drop
method)
and
charge
the
electron. Alpha –
scattering
–
Rutherford’s atom
model.
5.2.Bohr’s model –
energy
quantisation
–
energy and wave
number
expression
–
Hydrogen
spectrum – energy
level diagrams –
sodium
and
mercury spectra excitation
and
ionization
potentials.
Experimental
detrmination
of
critical potential –
Frank and Hertz’s
experiment.
5.3.Sommerfield’s
atom model – Fine
structure of the
spectral line –
vector
atom
model.

5.4.Quantum
numbers – Paulis
exclusion principle
–
periodic
classification
of
elements.
Magnetic moment
–
space
quantisation
–
stern and Gerlach
experiment – fine
structure
of
sodium D line wave mechanical
concept of the
atom.

Explains
the
properties
of
cathode rays and
positive rays.
Determination of
specific
charge
and
charge
electrons.
Explains
the
alpha
ray
–
scattering
experiment
and
Rutherford Atom
model.
States
Bohr’s
postulates
Derives
the
expression
for
energy
of
electron.
Determines
the
critical potential
by Frank and
Hertz experiment.
Explains spectral
series
of
hydrogen atoms
sodium and of
mercury.

Explains
the
Sommerfield’s
relativisitic atom
model, n, s, p, d,
f etc. Orbitals and
electron
and
accounts for fine
structure of H ?
line.
Explains
paulis
exclusion
principle
and
periodic
classification
of
elements.
Describes
the
stern and Gerlack
experiment.
Explains the fine
structure
of
sodium D line
outlines the wave
mechanical
model.

9

Identifies
the
charge
and
mass of an
electron.

Calculates the
excitation and
ioniation
potential
of
hydrogen atom.
Lists
the
spectral lines of
Hydrogen,
sodium
and
mercury
spectra.

Explains
the
concept
of
spatial and spin
quantisation of
electon
quantum
numbers
associated with
vector
atom
model.
Illustrates the
electronic
configuration of
common
elements
indicating their
quantum nos.
Makes models
of atoms of
simple
elements and
molecules.

Explain the structure
and stability of atom
according
to
Rutherford
atom
model
and
(1)
Describe Thomson’s
method
for
determining
the
specific charge of
electron. (2) Describe
Millikan’s experiment
for determination of
electronic charge.

2

1. State and explain
Ritz
combination
principle. 2. Find the
ionization
potential
and
first
exitation
potential of hydrogen
atom.
Find the wavelength
and
frequencies
spectral
lines
in
Lyman,
Balmer,
Pascher
Brackett
Pfund Series.

1.
List
out
the
quantum numbers.
2. Explain Bohr’s –
Sommerfield
model
of elliptical electron
orbits of hydrogen
atom. How does it
account for the fine
structure of hydrogen
spectral lines?
Give Bohr’s theory of
hydrogen spectrum.
Explains
doublet
structure of sodium
spectrum in the basis
of electron spin. State
and explain Paulis
exclusion principle.
How many protons
electrons
and
neutrons are there in
235
1 atom of 92U ?

3

2

2

Understands the
production,
properties,
delection
and
application of x rays.
Appreciates the
diffraction of x rays by crystals
and working of
x-ray
spectrometer.
Understands the
main feature of
continuous and
characteristics x
ray spectra.
Appreciate
moseley’s
law
and
its
importance.
Appreciates the
coherent nature
of Laser.
Understands the
working
of
MASER,
Ruby
laser and HeNe-Laser.
Appreciates the
properties
and
applications
of
laser.
Appreciates
recording
and
reproduction
of
3D images in
holograms.

5.5.x -rays production
properties,
detection,
absorption,
diffraction of x rays
–
Lave’s
experiment
Bragg’s
law,
Bragg’s
x
ray
spectrometer – x
ray
spectra
continuous
and
characteristic x –
rays spectrum –
Moseley’s law and
atomic number.

Explains
the
production
properties,
detection
and
applications of xrays.
Describes
the
working
of
Bragg’s x – ray
spectrometer.
Explains
the
features
of
continuous
and
characteristics xray spectra.
States
the
Mosley’s law and
explain
its
importance.

Lists
the
application of xrays in science,
industry
and
medicine.

5.6.MASERS
and
LASERS
spontaneous and
stimulated
emission – Normal
population
and
population
inversion
–
MASER,
RUBY
Laser,
He–Ne
Laser –properties
and
applications
of laser light.
- holography

Explains
the
spontaneous and
stimulated
emission
of
radiation
and
population
inversion.
Explain
the
working
of
MASER,
Ruby
laser and He-Ne
laser.
Lists
the
characteristics of
laser.
Explains
the
applications
of
Laser light in
science , industry
and medicine.

Distinguishes
the stimulated
and
spontaneous
emission
of
radiation.
Identifies
the
condition
to
achieve
laser
action. Lists out
the
characteristic
and
applications of
Laser.

State Mosley’s law
and
explain
its
importance.
Explain the origin of
characteristics
and
continuous
x -ray
spectrum.
Explain how x -ray
spectrometer is used
to study structure of
crystals.

1. What is meant by
population inversion?
2. How is laser light
different
from
ordinary, light.
3. Name the active
medium in Ruby, He
– Ne – lasers.
4. A He – Ne laser
emits
radiation of
wavelength 632.8 nm
and a power for this
2.3 mw. At what rate
the photons emitted
by this device.

3

3

Explains
recording
and
reconstruction of
images.
Unit – 6 – Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Appreciates the
dual nature of
matter
and
photo-electric
effect.
Understands the
laws of photoelectric
emission.

6.1.Photo-electric
effect.
Light
waves
and
photons.
- Einstein’s photo –
electric
equationLaws of photo –
electric emission. –
Particle
nature
of
energy.
Experimental
verification
of
Einstein
–

Explains
the
photo – electric
effect.
Derives
Einstein’s photo
electric equation.
Verifies
Experimentally
variation of photo
electric
current
with respect to
frequency
and
applied voltage.

10

Explains
the
photo-electric
effect,
using
the
graph
between photo
electic current
and voltage for
different
wave
lengths
of
incident light.

The
photo-electric
cut-off voltage in a
certain expt. Is 1.5V.
What is the maximum
kinelic
energy
of
photo
–
electron
emitted?
-19
(e = 1.6 x 10 C)
Define
stopping
potential.

2

Understands the
principle
of
photo-cells and
their application.

Appreciates the
phenomenon of
wave nature of
matter.
Understands
dual nature of
matter.

Understands, a
beam
of
electrons
focuses
by
electric
and
magnetic fields.

photoelectric
equation.
– Work
function.
6.2. Photo cells and
their application.

Explains the role
of photo cells in
switch
control
system (Burglar’s
alarm)

Lists out the
various
applications
(use) of photoelectric cells.

Describe the principle
of photo-electric cells
and give three of its
applications.

6.3.Matter waves –
wave nature of
particles. – De–
Broglie relation. –
De–Broglie
wave
length
of
an
electron –
- Davisson and
Germer
Experiment.
(Electron
diffraction)

Compares wave
theory
and
particle theory of
radiation.
Derives
De–
Broglie relation to
find wave length
of the radiation.

Explains
dual
nature
of
radiation.
Demonstrates
Davission and
Germer
Experiment to
find
the
expression for
wave length.

6.4.electron
microscope.

Compares optical
and
electron
microscope.
Understands the
wave nature of
the particle.
Tabulates
advantages
and
disadvantages of
electron
microscope.

1. Calculate the deBroglie wave lengths
for (1) electron and
(2) protons if their
5
-1
speed is 10 ms .
(2) What is the De
Broglie
wavelength
When Broglie Kinetic
energy is 120 eV.
(3) In the Bohr model
of
the
hydrogen
atom, what is the de
Broglie wavelength ?
for the electron when
it is in the n = 1 level
(b) n = 4 level. In
each case compare
the De Broglie wave
length
to
the
circumference of the
orbit.
Explain the principle
on which the electron
microscope
works.
Compare
this
instrument
with
optical microscope.

Explains
principle
and
construction of
Electron
microscope.
Lists out the
uses
of
electron
microscope.
Defines
resolving power
of
electron
microscope.

1

3

2

Unit – 7 – Nuclear Physics
Understands of
size
and
properties
of
nuclei.
Classifies nuclei
into
isotopes,
isobars
and
isotones.

Appreciates
nuclear
mass
defect
and
Binding energy.

7.1.Nuclear
properties
–
Nuclear
Radii,
Masses, Binding
energy,
density,
charge. Isotopes,
Isobars
and
isotones.

7.2.Nuclear
mass
defect – binding
energy.
Stability of nucleiBain bridge mass
spectrometer.

Explains
the
nuclear
properties,
and
classifies
the
nuclei
on
the
basis of atomic
and
mass
numbers
and
number
of
neutrons
with
examples.
Explains
mass
defect
and
Binding energy.
Draws
binding
energy – curve
and explains the

11

Calculates
nuclear density
of a nucleus of
mass number
`A’ and radius
‘R’.
Lists
out
examples
for
istopes, isobars
and isotones.

Calculate the density
of nuclei matter.
Express 1 amu in
terms of MeV.

Calculates and
lists out binding
energy
per
nucleon
for
representative
nuclides.

Calculate the Binding
energy per nucleon
31
15P .
(Mass = 30.973763
a.m.u.)

2

1

Understands
various models
for
Nuclei
to
explain
their
characteristics.

Understands the
characteristics of
Nuclear forces.

Understands the
properties
of
neutron.

Understands the
disintegration of
the
unstable
nuclei
by
emission ? ? ?
and
?
rays.
Recognises the
applications
of
radio – Isotopes.
Understands the
detection
of
nuclear
radiations.

spectrometer.

and explains the
stability of nuclei.

nuclides.

7.3.Nuclear models –
collective,
independent
particle
and
combined model –
quark model.

Describes
different
models
to explain nuclear
properties.
Lists
out
the
characteristics
and symbols of
six
different
quarks.

Explains
nuclear fission
on the basis of
liquid drop /
model.
Lists
nuclear
reactions
in
nuclear fission
and
nuclear
fusion
and
calculate
the
energy
released
in
fission
and
fusion reaction.
Explains
the
force that holds
the together.
Describes the
characteristic of
protons
and
neutrons.

7.4.
Nature
Nuclear forces.

of

7.5.Neutron
–
discovery
–
properties
–
Artificial
transmutation
–
particle
accelerator
7.6.Radioactivity
–
alpha, beta and
gamma radiations
and
their
properties – ? –
?
decay, ? – decay
and ? –
? decay.
Radioactive
decay
law – half life – Mean
life.
Artificial
radioactivity – Radio
– Isotopes - effects
and uses. Geiger –
Muller counter and
cloud chamber.
Radio carbon dating
Biological
Radiation
hazards,

Explains
the
nature of nuclear
forces. Compares
strong and weak
nuclear
forces
with gravitational
and
electro
magnetic forces.
Explains
the
discovery
and
properties
of
neutron.
Explains
the
artificial
transmutation.
Explains
the
radioactive
phenomena
of
heavy elements.
Explains
the
characteristics of
? ? ? rays.
Explains
the
displacement
law.
Establishes
the
Radioactive
decay law.
Explains
the
induced
radioactivity with
examples.
Describes
the
methods
of
producing radio –
Isotopes.
Describes
the
construction and
working of G.M.
counter and a
cloud chamber.

12

Lists out
properties
neutron.

the
of

Calculate the binding
energy of ? particle
mp = 1.00758 amu
mn = 1.00088 amu.
Mass of
He 4.00028 amu.
Explain the neutron
cycle in a fission
chain reaction.
Calculate the amount
of energy released
235
when 50 gm of U is
completely fissioned.
List out the symbol
mass and charge of
(1)
six
different
quarks and (2) the
proton and neutron.

What
are
forces?

2

nuclear

1

How does a
neutron decay?

free

2

Lists out the
properties
of
?? ?
and ? –
rays.
Gives out the
examples of ? –
?
decay,
?–
?
decay and ? –
?
decay.
Defines
and
relates half life
and mean life
of radio active
material.
Illustrates the
induced
radioactivity.
Tabulates the
various Radio –
Isotopes
and
their uses.
Lists out the
half
lves
of
some
radio
isotopes.

The initial number of
atoms
in
a
radioactive element is
20
8 x 10 and its half
life is 10 hr. Find the
number of atoms
which have decayed
in 30 hr.
Give an example for
artificial
transmutation.
A radioactive isotope
228
decay s
in
88Ra
series
by
the
emission of three ? –
particles and 8 ? –
?
particle. what is the
isotope
obtained
finally?
List out the Radio –
Isotopes and their
uses.
Compare the natural
and
artificial
radioactivity.

4

Understands
how
energy
released
in
nuclear
fission
and
fusion
reactions.
Understands the
construction and
working
of
a
nuclear reactor.
Appreciates the
properties
of
cosmic
rays
fundamental
particles.

7.7. Nuclear fission
chain reaction
Atom
bomb
nuclear reactor
Nuclear fusion
Hydrogen bomb
cosmic rays
Elementary
particles.

–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Explains
the
nuclear
fission
process.
Explains
the
chain reaction in
an atom bomb
and in a nuclear
reactor.
Explains
how
energy
is
produced in sun
and stars.
Describes
the
basics
of
hydrogenbomb.
Explains
the
properties
of
primary
and
secondary
cosmic
rays,
latitude
and
altitude
effects
and
fundmental
particles.

Illustrates the
nuclear fission
with
an
example.
Mentions
the
various
parts
and
their
functions in a
nuclear reactor.
Calculates the
energy
released
in
splitting 1 Kg
uranium.
Explains
the
proton – proton
cycle
and
carbon
–
Nitrogen cycle.
Lists out the
advantages
and
disadvantages
of
nuclear
energy.
Tabulates the
elementary
particles
and
their properties.

Calculate the energy
released in the fission
238
of 1 kg 92U .
What is the condition
for sustained chain
reaction?
Fusion reaction is not
easily
possible.
Why?
Differentiate the pair
production
and
annihilation.
Name the groups of
elementary particles
and give examples
for each group.

3

Unit - 8 - RELATIVITY
Realizes
the
concept
of
space, time and
mass

8.1

Concept
of
space, time and
mass

Explains
the
concept of space,
time and mass

Identifies
the
system of coordinate axes
Understands the
concept
of
Newtonian
Relativity.
Understands the
transformation
from one inertial
system
to
another

8.2

Frame
reference

Defines the frame
of reference.

Understands the
difference
in
length mass and
time
when
motion
is
involved.

8.5.Special theory of
relativity.

of

8.3.Newtonian
relativity.

8.4.Galielean
transformation
Equations.
Michelson – Morle
experiment.

Lorentz
transformations

States
the
Newtonian
principle
of
relativity.
Proves
Galilean
transformation
equations.
Explains
Michelson
–
Morley
experiment.

Gives
the
meaning
of
absolute space,
mass
and
time.
Explains
the
frame
of
reference
Explain
the
Newtonian
principle.

What do you mean
by motion and rest?

Illustrate
with
experimental
set up.

What is the result of
Morley’s experiment?

What is inertial frame
of reference?
What is
relativity?

1

Newtonian
1

1

Explains
all
motion is relative
and speed of light
is same for all
observers.

Mentions
the
two postulates
of
special
theory
of
relativity.

Explains
the
Lorentz
transformation on

Proves
the
Lorentz
transformation

13

1

1

Derive the relativistic
length
contraction
using
Lorentz

Understands the
relativity
of
length and time.

8.6.

Relativity
length

of

Relativity of time.

equation for pairs
of events.

equation.

transformation.

Explains
time
dilation,
length
contraction
and
variation of mass
with velocity.

Examples
of
time
dilation
and
length
contraction.
Derives
the
formule
for
relativistic
variation
of
mass
with
velocity.

Deduce the formula
for
relativistic
variation of mass with
velocity what is the
meaning of mass –
energy equivalence?
How fast would a
rocket have to go
relative
to
an
observer for its length
to be contracted to
99% of its length at
rest?
At what speed is a
particle moving if the
mass is equal to
three times its rest
mass?
Mention
the
application of Doppler
effect in radar and
radio communication.

Variation of mass
with velocity – Mass
–
Energy
equivalence.

Proves E = mc

Applies, Doppler
effect in case of
light.

Doppler
light.

effect

of

Explain Doppler
effect for light
waves.

2

Analyses
the
Doppler effect
in
light
in
various
situation.

2

2

Unit – 9 – Semiconductor devices and their applications
Identifies
the
classification of
materials on the
basis of energy
band theory.
Understands the
concept
of
energy gap.

9.1.Semiconductor
theory.
Energy
band in solids –
Difference
between
metals,
insulators
and
semiconductors
based on band
theory.

Classifies
the
materials on the
basis of energy
bands.
Identifies energy
gap as forbidden
gap.

Understands the
concept
of
doping
a
semiconductor

9.2

Identifes
the
process of doping
and
its
importance.
Lists
out
the
impurities
for
doping Pand N
type materials.
Differentiates
N
and P – type
semi conductors.
Explains
the
working
of
junction
and
identifies
the
potential barrier.

Semiconductor
doping – Intrinsic
and Extrinsic semi
conductors.

Understands the
characteristics of
a PN junction.

9.3.Formation of P-N
Junction – Barrier
potential
and
deplection layer.

Understands the

9.4.P-N

Junction

Gives

the

14

Develops
energy
level
diagram
for
conductors
insulators and
semiconductors
.
Lists
out
trivalent,
tetravalent and
pentavalant
elements used
in
forming
semiconductors
.
Sketches
out
the structure of
Si
and
Ge
crystals
containing
donar
and
acceptor
atoms.

Explains
the
formation
of
junction
and
identifies
the
depletion
region.
Identifies the P

Define the terms :
forbidden gap and
energy bands.
Explain
the
term
electron
flow
in
conduction band and
hole flow in the
valence band.
What is the effect of
temperature on semi
conductors?

Explain how Si and
Ge crystals behave
as semi conductors.
What are the majority
and minority carriers
in N – type and P –
type
semi
conductors?
Differentiate N. type
and
P-type
semi
conductors.
Which P-N junction Si
or Ge has higher
barrier potential?

Give

a

method

of

1

1

1

1

working
of
junction diode as
an
active
element
in
electronic
circuits.
Appreciates the
application
of
diode
as
a
rectifier.

Appreciates the
uses of diode as
voltage doubler.

diode – Forward
and reverse bias
characteristics.

9.5. Diode
rectifier.

as

a

9.6.Voltage
doubler
and tripler.

Understands the
construction and
working
of
a
Zener diode.
Identifies
the
break – down
voltage.
Appreciates the
role of Zener
diode
as
a
voltage
regulator.
Appreciates the
working
and
applications
of
LED, LCD, Solar
cells
and
photodiodes.
Appreciates the
conversion
of
energy
using
solar cells.

9.7.
Zener
diode.
Zener diode as a
voltage regulator.

Understands the
construction
of
PNP and NPN
bi-polar junction
transistors.

9.9.Junction
transistors
characteristics
transistor as
switch.

Recgonises the
action
of
transistor as an

9.8.LED,
LCD
–
Seven
segment
display – Solar
cells
–
photo
diode.

a

9.10.Transistor as an
amplifier
–
Transistor biasing

construction of a
P-N
junction
diode
and
explains forward
and reverse bias
characteristics.
Compares
the
working principle
of Half wave, full
wave (2 diodes)
and
bridge
rectifiers
(4
diodes)
Explains
the
construction
of
voltage
doubler
circuit using two
diodes.

Explains
the
construction
of
Zener diode and
the
avalanche
breakdown.

Describes
the
principles
and
construction
of
LED and LCD.
Explains
the
formation of the
seven
segment
display with LED
/ LCD. Explains
the working of
solar cells and
photo diode.
Explains
the
construction and
working of PNP
and
NPN
transistors.
Draws the circuits
for CE, CB and
CC configuration.

Explains
the
three methods of
biasing
a

15

and N ends of
different types
of diodes and
diagrammaticall
y
represents
diodes.
Explains
voltage
and
current
regulation
properties of a
rectifier circuit.

testing a P-N junction
diode.

Explains
voltage
and
current
regulation
properties
of
voltage
doubler.
Explains
with
the necessary
circuit how a
zerner
diode
can be used as
voltage
regulater.

Give a circuit
voltage tripler.

Explains
the
working
principle
of
LCD and LED.
Collects details
of solar energy
devices
using
solar cells.

Explain how LCD,
LED are used as a
seven
segment
display device.
List the advantages
and disadvantages of
solar energy devices.

Defines
the
parameters
input
impedance,
output
impedance and
current
amplification
factor.
Establishes
these
parameters for
CE,
CB
configurations
from
their
characteristics.
Explains
the
function
of
each
passive

Why is CE mode
preferred over CB
mode in transistor
amplifiers?
Explain
how
a
transister acts as a
switch?

Determine
the
rectifier D.C. potential
of a bridge rectifier
when
the
input
voltage is 9 V a.c.

1

of

1

Explain V z and I max
with
reference
to
Zener diode.

1

1

1

Differentiate
the
working principle of
RC,
LC
and

1

transistor as an
amplifer.

Transistor biasing
– RC, LC coupled
and
transformer
coupling
in
amplifier.

Understands the
need
for
the
positive
and
negative
feedback.

9.11.Feeback
amplifier – positive
and negative feed
back
–
advantages
of
negative feedback
amplifier.
Oscillator – condition
for oscillator – colpit
and
Hartley
oscillators.

Explains
principle
feedback
amplifiers.

the
of
in

Deduces
condition
oscillations.

the
for

Develops
the
ideas
of
fabricating basic
gates
using
resistors, diodes
and transistors.
Differentiates
analog
and
digital signals.

9.12.Logic gates –
OR, AND, NOT
using
discreat
components
–
NAND and NOR
gates as universal
gates.

Represents
symbolically
OR,
AND,
NOT,
NAND
ang
NOR
gates.

Appreciates the
characteristics of
unipolar
transistors.
Understands the
integration
of
several passive
component on a
single chip.

9.13.Unipolar
transistors. FET –
Characteristics –
Integrated circuits
– medium, small
and very large
scale integration –
Fabrication
and
applications – TTL
and CMOS IC’s.
9.14.Laws
and
theorems
of
Boolean’s algebra.

Constructs OR,
AND, Not gates
using
resistors,
diodes
and
transistors
and
explains
their
action with truth
tables.
Explains
the
NAND and NOR
gates
as
universal gates.
Identifies TTL, IC
and CMOS IC’s
Understands
MSI, LSI, VLSI.
Classifies
different types of
ICS into linear
and digital IC’s.

Lists out laws
and theorems of
Boolean algebra.
States
De
Morgan’s
theorems.

Proves laws of
Boolean
algebra and De
Morgan’s
theorems.

Using
laws
and
theorems of Boolean
algebra, simplify
y = AB + AB + BC
Draw a logic circuit
using N AND gates
for Y = A + BC.

1

Sketches the pin
out configuration
of the IC 741
(Op.amp)
and
identifies
the
pins.
Explains
the

Explains some
important
characteristics
of
operational
amplifier
and
their
significance.

Design an inverting
amplifier
with
operational amplifier
for the gain of 10.
What is the difference
between Linear IC
and digital IC?

1

Appreciates the
laws of Boolean
algebra.

Analysiss
and
appreciates the
parameters
of
pin-out
configuration of
operational
amplifier.

9.15.Operational
amplifier
–
parameters – pinout
configuration
Basic applications.
Inverting
amplifiers.
Non-inverting

biasing
a
transistor.
Describes
the
working of RC
coupled amplifier.

16

each
passive
element in an
RC
coupled
amplifier.
Describes the
significance of
low frequency,
mid
–
frequency and
high frequency
range of an
amplifier circuit.
Lists
the
advantages of
negative
feedback
in
amplifier.
Explains
working
Hartley
colpitts
oscillator.

the
of
and

RC,
LC
and
transformer
coupled
amplifiers.

Find out the voltage
gain after feedback if
the
gain
before
feeback is 100 and
feedback
ratio
is
0.05.
Find
out
the
frequency
of
oscillations in colpitts
oscillator if
C1 = C 2 = 0.05 ? F
and L = 50 mH.
Identifies the analog
and digital
signals
from the following.
1. Square wave
2. Sine wave
3. triangular wave
4. rectangular wave

Lists out the Differentiate between
advantages of linear ICS and digitial
IC’s
over ICS.
discreate
components.

2

1

1

Appreciates the
uses
of
operational
amplifier in basic
operations.

amplifiers – summing
amplifiers.

Understands the
construction and
working
of
multimeter and
cathode
ray
oscilloscope.
Develops skills
in the use of
multimeter and
CRO to measure
the
current,
voltage,
resistances and
capacitance,
and
frequency
and study of
wave forms.

9.16.Measuring
Instruments
–
Cathode
Ray
oscillocope
–
Principle – Functional
units
–
uses.
Multimeter
–
construction
and
uses.

basic operations
such as inverting,
non-inverting
summing
and
difference
amplifiers
using
suitable circuits.
Gives
the
construction
of
CRO
and
explains
its
function.
Explains
the
function
of
multimeter
for
voltage,
current
and
resistance,
and capacitance
measurements.

Lists out the
uses of CRO
and Multimeter.

Explain
how
the
multimeter is used for
testing diodes and
transistors.
How the time base of
the CRO is used to
measure
the
frequency of audio
frequency signals.
How CRO is used to
measure
the
frequency of audio
frequency
signal
using X and Y plates.

1

Unit – 10 – Communication Systems
Understands the
basics of Radio
communication
with MW, SW
and microwaves.

10.1.Modes
of
propagation
ground
wave – sky wave
propagation.

Appreciates the
methods
of
modulation and
demodulation of
carrier waves for
audio and video
propagation.

10.2.Amplitude
modulation,
merits
and
demerits
–
applications
–
frequency modulation
– advantages and
applications – phase
modulation.

Appreciates the
use of antennas
TV transmission
and reception of
e-m-waves.
Understands the
characteristics
and types of
antennas for TV
reception.

10.3.Antennas
and
Transmission lines –
current and voltage
distrbution
–
Directional pattern –
Antenna parameters
– Types of antenna –
Design
of
Folded
dipole.

Understands the

10.4.Radio

Explains
the
propagation
of
ground wave and
sky waves.
Explains
the
structure
of
ionosphere
and
reflection of SW.

Lists
the
wavelength and
frequencies of
Radio
waves
used for MW
and
SW
transmission.

Describes
amplitude
and
phase modulation
of carrier waves.
Explains
the
frequency
spectrum
and
band width of em
waves used for
audio and video
signals and upper
and lower side
bands.
Explains antenna
parameters
and
describes
the
characteristics of
different types of
antennas.

Lists out the
merits
and
demerits of AM.
Explians
the
advantages of
FM for audio
transmission.

Explains

the

17

Discusses the
contructions of
folded
dipole
antenna with a
director and a
reflector.
Design a yogi
antenna
to
receive
TV
signals
in
channel 4.
Draws
the

Explain the formation
and composition of
ionosphere.
Explain why SW are
used
for
long
distance
communication.
Define the terms skip
distance and skip
zone.
Why Radio reception
is clear during the
night than during the
day?

2

2

Explain
the
significance
of
antenna
impedance
and antenna gain.
Describe
the
radiation pattern of
dipole antenna.

Discuss the role of

2

2

principles
of
radio
transmission and
reception.

transmission
and
reception – AM and
FM
–
superheterodyne
receiver.

basics of AM and
FM.
Explains
the
working
of
superheterodyne
radio receiver.

block diagram
of
radio
broadcasting
and reception.

ionosphere in radio
communication.
What
are
the
advantages of FM
over AM?
Explain
the
propagation
of
radiowaves
of
medium and short
wavelengths.
Why microwaves are
used
for
TV
transmission?

Understands the
scanning
process
in
T.V.Transmissio
n.

10.5.
TV.Transmission and
reception – scanning
and synchroninsing –
standards
T.V.Antenna.
10.6.Video
signal
analysis.

Explains
the
horizontal
scanning vertical
scanning
and
interlaced
scanning.
Explains
the
functions of the
horizontal
blanking pulses
and
vertical
blanking pulses.

Gives
the
frequencies of
horizontal and
vertical
scanning
frequencies.
Explains
the
necessity,
of
introducing the
synchronizing
pulses
during
banking time.

Define the terms
(1) Frame and
Field.

Explains
the
working
principles
of
TV.camera and a
picture tube.
Explains
the
function of each
unit present in
the block diagram
of
monochrome
TV
transmitter
and receiver.
Explains
the
principles
of
mixing
the
primary colours.

Differentiates a
T.V.
Camera
and a picture
tube.

Explain how a T.V.
camera tube converts
a picture into a video
signal.

Distinguishes
the modulation
methods used
in Audio and
video signals in
T.V.Transmissi
on.
Lists out the
primary colours
and colour due
to
their
combination
and give the
expressions for
Y, I and Q
signals in terms
of
primary
colours.
Differentiates a
camera and a
picture tube.

How
is
TV
transmission different
from
Radio
broadcasting?

Distinguish the
modulation
methods used
in Audio and

Write a note
colour T.V.

Identifies
the
camera signals,
synchronizing
pulses, blanking
pulses,
picture
information and
colour
sub
carrier signal in
composite video
signal.
Learns
the
construction and
working
of
a
camera and a
picture tube.
Understands the
general
principles of TV
(Transmitter
(Transmission)
and
receiver
circuits.
Recalls
the
theory of primary
colours and their
mixing.

10.7.
Videocon
(camera tube) and
picture tube.

10.8.Block diagram of
a
monochrome
TV
Transmitter
and
receiver
circuits.

10.9.Primary colours
and their mixing.

Learns
the
construction of a
camera and a
picture tube.

10.10.Colour
tube.

picture

Understands the
general
principles
of
T.V.Transmitter

10.11.Block diagrams
of
transmitter
and
receiver
circuits (colour)

Explains
the
working
principles of a
camera and a
picture tube.
Explains
the
function of each
unit present in
the block diagram

18

(2)
1

1. Explain the role of
synchronizing
and
blanking pulses in
T.V.Transmission.
2.
Explain
the
bandwidth necessary
for audio and video
transmission.

1

1

1

What are the three
primary colours.

1

How many filaments
available in a colour
picture tube?

1

an
1

and
receiver
circuits.

Understands the
construction and
function of radar
system.

Recognises the
merits of digital
communication.
Understands the
basics of Fax,
modem.
Appreciates the
communication
with wire, cable,
optical fibre and
satellite.

of
colour
Transmitter
receiver.
10.12.Radar
–
principles
–
components
of
Radar – Radar
range equation –
factors
influencing
maximum range
– applications.
10.13.Digital
communication
data
transmission and
reception
–
principles of fax,
modem, satellite
communication –
wire, cable and
optical
communication.

TV
and

video signals in
T.V.
Transmission.

Explains
the
block diagram of
a radar systems.
Obtains the radar
range equation.

Lists out five
factors
that
influence
the
maximum
range
of
a
radar.

What
are
the
applications of the
radar
in
communication
systems?
What is the need for
a duplexer in a radar
system.

Explains
the
basics of analog
and
digital
communication.
Describes
the
use of fax and
modem
in
communication.
Discusses
the
characteristics
and applications
of wire, cable,
optical
and
satellite
communication.

Collects details
of
Indian
communication
satellites.
Observes
the
use of fax and
modem
in
communication.
Compares the
band
width,
reliability
and
applications of
optical
and
satellite
communication.

1.
Lists
the
advantages of digital
communication.
2.
Explain
the
working of a fax and
a modem.
3.
Explain
the
principles
and
advantages
of
(i)
optical
communication
and
(ii)
Satellite
communication.

STANDARD XII
PHYSICS - EXPERIMENTS
Practicals should be done by choosing four experiments from each group.
GROUP A
1.

To find the focal length of a convex lens by u-v method, conjugate foci method and plot a graph
between u and v.

2.

To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens. (1) in contact method and (2) out of
contact method

3.

To determine the R.I. of the material of the given prism using i - d curve.

4.

To determine the refractive index of a prism by finding angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation
using a spectrometer.

5.

To determine wavelength (? ) of a monochromatic source using by a plane diffraction grating and
spectrometer.

6.

To determine wavelengths (?) of a composite light using a diffraction grating and a spectrometer.

7.

To determine wavelength of monochromatic sodium and LED (3 colours R, G, Y) using Newton’s ring
experiment.

8.

To study the diffraction of light due to a thin slit between sharp edges of razor blade.

19

1

2

GROUP B
1.

To find resistance of a given wire using a metre bridge and hence determine the specific resistance of
its material.

2.

To compare the emf’s of two primary cells using the potentiometer.

3.

To calibrate a low range voltmeter using the potentiometer.

4.

To determine the value of the horizontal component of the magnetic induction of the earth’s magnetic
field, using the tangent galvanometer.

5.

To determine the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular coil.

6.

To compare the magnetic moments of the given two bar magnets in Tan A position by (i) Equal
distance method and (ii) Null deflection method

7.

To compare the magnetic moments of the given two bar magnets in Tan B position by
(i) Equal distance method and (ii) Null deflection method

8.

To find the frequency of the alternating current (a.c) mains using a sonometer wire.

GROUP C
1.

(a)

To draw a characteristics curve of a p-n junction diode in forward bias and to determine its
static resistance.

(b)

To draw the characteristics curve of a Zener diode and to determine its reverse break down
voltage.

2.

To study the characteristics of a common emitter NPN transistor and to find out its input impedance,
current and voltage gain and output admittance.

3.

To construct a RC coupled (common emitter) amplifier and to study its frequency response.

4.

To construct a Colpitt’s oscillator - hence determine the self inductance of the coil of wire.

5.

Construct a basic amplifier (OP amp) using IC 741 (inverting, non inverting, summing, difference Voltage follower).

6.

Study of basic gates using discrete components. OR, AND and NOT Gates.

7.

Study of basic logic gates using integrated circuits. NOT, AND, NAND, OR, NOR gates.

8.

To construct a regulated power supply with bridge rectifier and Zener diode. Study of current and
voltage regulation characteristics.

20