1

bghJ mwpt[ - mwptpay;
mwptpay;
mwptpay; Jiwfs;
1. Acoustics (mbfs!;of;!); – xyp 2.
,ay;

Acrobatic

(mf;nuhghl;of;!);

–

clw;gapw;rpf; fiy

3. Aerodynamics (Vnuhildkpf;!); – 4. Aeronautics (Vnuhdhl;of;!); fhw;W
fhw;W ,a';fpay;. fhw;W btspapy; btspg; gaztpay;
thD}h;jpfspd; ,af;fk; Fwpj;Jj
5. Aerostatics (Vnuh!;nl!;of;!); – 6.
fhw;W
epiyapay;.
mtw;Wld; rkdg;gl;l
Fwpj;jJ.
7.

Aetiology

Aesthetics

(V!;bjl;of;!);

–

tspk';fSk; mHFzh;tpay;
bghUs;fSk;

(Vl;onahy$p)

fhuztpay;

– 8. Agrobiology (mf;nuhgahy$p) –
ntshz;ik caphpay;. Jhtu thH;tk
[ /;
jhtu Cl;lr;rj;Jk; Fwpj;jJ.

9. Agronomics (mf;nuhdhkpf;!); – 10.

Agronomy

cHthjhuk; rhFgof;nfw;w epyk; kw;Wk; ntshz;ikapay;
gaph; njh;t[
epyj;njh;t[ kw;Wk;
Fwpj;jJ

(mf;nuhdkp)

–

rhFgof;fhd
jhdpa cw;gj;jp

11. Agrostology (mf;nuh!;nlhy$p) – 12. Alchemy (my;bfkp) - ,urthjk;
g[y; ,ay;
13. Anatomy (mdhl;lkp) – clw;TW 14. Anthropology (Me;ju; nghy$p) –
,ay;. tpy';F/ jhtuk; kw;Wk; kdpj Mjp kdpjtpay;
clw;Twpay;
15. Arboriculture (Mh;nghhpfy;rr; h;) – 16.
kuk; tsh;gg
; f[ ; fiy
17.

Astrology

Archaeology

(Mh;ff; pahy$p)

-

bjhy; bghUsha;tpay;
(m!;lu; hy$p)

– 18. Astronautics (m!;lu; hdhl;of;!); –

2

nrhjpltpay;
19.

tpz;btspg; gaztpay;

Astronomy

(m!;lu; hdkp)

– 20. Astrophysics (m!;lnuhgprpf;!); –

thdtpay;
21.

thd;,aw;gpay;
thd;
,aw;ifaikg;g[ Fwpj;jJ.

Bacteriology

(ghf;Ohpahy$p)

Ez; fpUkp
23.

bghUl;fspd;

– 22. Biochemistry (gnahbfkp!;lh; p) –
caph; ntjpapay;. caphpd';fspy; epfGk;
ntjptpidfs; Fwpj;jJ.

Biometry

(gnahbkl;hp)

– 24.

Bionics

(gnahdpf;!);

–

capustpay;. capuha;tpay; fzpjj;jpd; caph;jpl;gtpay; caphpd';fspd; jd;ik
gad;ghL
kw;Wk; etPd cyfpy; ,jd; gad;ghL
25.

Bionomy

- 26.

(gnahdkp)

capbuhG';fpay;.
tpjpKiwfs; Fwpj;jJ

Biophysics

(gnahgprpf;!);

caph;thH;tpd; capuhjhuk;. caphpd';fSf;Fk;
NHYf;FKhpa bjhlh;g[

27. Botony (ghl;ldp) – jhtutpay;

28.

Calisthenics

–

Rw;Wr;

(fhyp!;jdpf;!);

–

(bfkp!;lh; p)

–

njhw;wg; bghyptpay;
29. Ceramics (bruhkpf;!); – mLkz; 30.
fiyEl;gk;. fspkz;
bjhHpy;El;gk;

ghz;lf;

Chemistry

fiy ntjpapay;

31. Chemotherapy (brkhbjugp) – 32.
ntjpk rpfpr;ir

Chronobiology

(Fnuhndhgahy$p)

–

caph;

fhyf;fzpg;gpay;
33. Chronology (Fnuhdhy$p) – fhyf; 34. Conchology (nfh';fhy$p) - r';F
fzpg;g[
gLj;Jjy;

epfH;rr; pfis

fhyKiwg; ,ay;. ej;ij nghd;wtw;wpd; XL Fwpj;j
tpy';fpay; gphpt[

35. Cosmography (fh!;nkhfpuhgp) - 36.
gpug";r mikg;gpay;

Cosmology

gpug";rtpay;. gpug";rj;jpd;
tuyhW Fwpj;jJ.

(fh!;khy$p)
njhw;wk;/

3

37.

Cryptography

(fphpg;nlhfpuhgp) 38.

Criminology

(fphpkpdhy$p)

cl;bghUspay;. ,ufrpa vGj;Jf;fspd; Fw;wtpay;
cl;bghUsha;t[
39.

Crystallography 40.

(fphp!;ly;nyhfpuh`gp) gof mikg;gpay;
41.

Cyto

Chemistry

(fpiunahb$dpf;!);

Fsph;jUtpay;

(irl;nlh 42.

bfkp!;lh; p) bry; ntjpapay;

Cryogenics

Cytogenetics

(irl;nlh

b$dplof;!);
bry;
bry;fspd;
ghuk;ghpag;
Fwpj;j caphpay; gphpt[

kugqtpay;.
gz;gf[ isf;

43. Cytology (irl;nlhy$p) – bry; 44. Dactylography (lhf;onyhfpuhgp)
,ay;

– tpuy; jlag; g[ydha;t.[ ifnuif
\yk; Jg;gwpjy;

45. Ecology (vf;fhy$p) – NHypay;

46.

Econometrics

(vfhdhbkl;hpf;!);

bghUshjhu msg;gpay;. bghUshjhu
nfhl;ghLfis mse;jplf; ifahSk;
fzpjKiw.
47.

Economics

(vdfhkpf;!); 48.

bghUshjhuk;
49.

(vk;gphpahy$p))

–

cl;fUtpay;

Entomology

(Vd;lkhy$p)

g{r;rpapay;
51.

Embryology

– 50.

Epidemiology

(vgpblkpahy$p)

rUktpay;

Epigraphy

(vgpfpuh`gp)

– 52. Ethnography (vj;ndhfpuh`gp) -

fy;btl;oay;

,df;Twpay;

53. Ethics (vj;jpf;!); mwtpay;

54.

Ethnology

(vjpdhy$p)

-

,dntWghl;oay;
55. Ethology (vjhy$p) - ,dtpay;. 56. Etymology (vjpkhy$p) brhy;ypay;
tpy';fspd; elj;ij gw;wpa Ma;t[
57. Eugenics

(a{$pdpf;!);

brhw;fspd; njhw;wKk; tuyhWk;

ed;kf;fl; 58. Genealogy ($Pdpahy$p) kugpdh;

4

ngwpay;. ed;kf;fisg;
kugpay; Ma;t[

bgwr;bra;ak
[ ; ,ay;.
xU
FLk;gj;jpd;
guk;giu tuyhW Fwpj;jJ.

59. Genecology (b$dpfhy$p) kug[f; 60

Genesiology

Ke;ija

(b$dprpahy$p)

FHypay;. caphpd';fSld; bjhlh;gi
[ la jiyKiwapay;
jhtug;bgUf;fj;jpd; kug[f; TW gw;wpaJ
61. Genetics (b$dof;!); kugpay;

62. Geobiology ($pnahgahy$p) – g[tp
caphpay;

63. Geobotony ($pnahghl;ldp) g[tpj; 64. Geo Chemistry ($pnah bfkp!;lh; p)
jhtutpay;
65.

Geography

g[tp ntjpapay;
($pnahfpuhgp)

– 66.

Geology

($pnahy$p)

g[tpapay;.
g[tpg;gug;g/[
jd;ik g[tptuyhw;wpay;
jl;gbtl;gk;/ kf;fs; Fwpj;j mwptpay;
67. Geomedicine ($pnahbkorpd;) – 68.

Geomorphology

g[tpkUe;jpay;. Rw;Wr;NHy; jhf;fj;jhy; ($pnahkhh;`ghy$p) g[tp totpay;
kdpj eyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fs;
Fwpj;J Muha[k; kUj;Jtj;Jiw
69. Geophysics ($pnahgp!pf;!); – g[tp 70.
,aw;gpay;
71.

Gerontology

(n$nuhd;lhy$p)

KJikapay;. KJikf;fhy
jj;Jtk;/ neha;Fwpj;j Ma;t[

gpur;rid/

Heliotheraphy 72. Histology (Qp!;lhy$p) – jpRtpay;

(bQypnahbjuh`gp) Nhpar; rpfpr;ir
73. Horticulture (Qhh;lo
; f;fy;rr; h;) 74.
Hydrodynamics
(iQl;nuh
njhl;lf;fiy
ildkpf;!); – ePhk
; ,a';fpay;
75. Hydrography (iQl;nuhfpuh`gp() 76. Hydrology (iQl;uhy$p) ePhpay;.
; fhsj;jpYk;
– ePh; msitapay;. ePht
; Hp khh;ff; k;/ ePhg
; ; tsp kz;lyj;jpYk;/ ePhf; n
bgUf;fk; mst[j; jfty;fs; nrfhpf;Fk; cs;s ePhpd; ,ay;g[ Fwpj;jJ
mwptpay;

5

77.

(iQl;nuh 78. Hydropathy (iQl;nuhgjp) – ePh;

Hydrometallurgy

bkl;ly;yhh;$p)

–

ePh;k

cnyhftpay;. itj;jpak;

ePhk
; ';fspy;
Cwitj;j
jhJf;fspy;
,Ue;J cnyhf';fisg; gphpj;bjLf;Fk;
Jiw.
79. Hydroponics (iQl;nuhnghdpf;!); 80. Hydrostatics (iQl;nuh!;lhof;!);
– ePhk
; g;gaphpay;. Cl;lr;rj;J fiurYs; – ePhk
; epiyapay;. ePhk
; ';fspd; tpir
jhtu';fis tsh;fF
; k; Kiw

mGj;jk; Fwpj;j fzpjKiw Ma;t[

81. Iconography (,f;ndhfpuhgp) – 82.
gokg;gapw;wpay;.
Tiuglk;
gokk; tHp nghjdhKiw
83.

Iconology

Hygiene

(iQ$pd;)

–

nghd;w cly;eytpay;

(,f;ndhy$p)

: ld;!); –
– 84. Jurisprudence ($Php!;g+

goktpay;. FwpaPlL
; g; gok';fs; Fwpj;j rl;ltpay;. ePjpbewp/ rl;lxG';F gw;wpa
Ma;t[
Ma;t[
85. Lexicography (byf;!pnfhfpuhgp) – 86. Mamography (kk;nkhfpuhgp) –
mfuKjypj;bjhif. Mfuhjp bjhFj;jy;

ghy; Rug;gp mikg;gpay;. gy;Rug;gpfisg;
glk;gpof;Fk; vf;!; fjph;gg
; lk;

87. Metallography (bkl;ly;yhfpuhgp) 88.
cnyhff; fl;likg;gpay;

Metallurgy

(bkl;lyhh;$p)

cnyhftpay;.
jhJf;fspy;
cnyhf';fisg; gphpj;bjLg;gJ

89. Meteorology (bkl;Ohpahy$p) – 90.
thdpiy ,ay;

Metrology

–

,Ue;J
(bkl;uhy$p)

msitapay;

91. Microbiology (ikf;nuhgahy$p) – 92. Molecular Biology (khypf;a{yh;
Ez;qaphpay;
93.

Morphology

caphpd totpay;

gahy$p) - \yf;TW caphpay;. caphpay;
Kf;fpak; tha;ej; \yf;TWfs; gw;wpaJ
(khh;`ghy$p)

– 94.

Mycology

(ikf;fhy$p)

–

g{";rztpay;. g{";ir/ fhshd; neha;fs;

6

Fwpj;j Ma;t[
95. Neurology (epa{uhy$p) – euk;gpay; 96. Neuropathology (epa{nuhgj;jhy$p)
– euk;g[ njhapay;
97. Numerology (epa{kuhy$p) – vz; 98.
nrhjplk;

Numismatics

(epa{kp!;khof;!);

ehzatpay;

99. Odontography (xld;nlhfpuh`gp) 100. Odontology (xld;nlhyh$p) –
gy;mikg;gpay;

gy; Ma;tpay;

101. Optics (Mg;of;!); – xspapay;

102.

Ornithology

(xhpe;jhy$p)

–

gwit ,ay;
103.

Orthoepy

(Mh;jn
; jhgp)

cr;rhpg;gpay;
105.

Osteology

– 104. Orthopaedics (Mh;jn
; jhgPof;!); –
vYk;g[ kUj;Jtk;

(M!;oahy$p)

vYk;gpay;

– 106.

Osteopathology

(M!;onahgjhy$p)

–

vYk;g[

neha;

,ay;
107. Osteopathy (M!;onahgjp) – 108. Palaeobotony (ghynahd;lhy$p)
vYk;g[ jpUj;Jtk;

bjhy;Yapuha;tpay;

109. Palynology (ghypdhy$p) – bjhy; 110. Pathology (bgjhy$p) – neha;
kfue;jtpay;

,ay;

111. Pedagogy (bglfhfp) ghltpay;. 112. Pharyngology (ghhp'; fhy$p) –
ghlk; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw

Fuy; tisapay;

113. Phenolgoy (gPdhy$p) – caph;fs; 114.

Philately

(gpyhl;lyp)

-

Ma;tpay;

m";ry;jiy nrfhpg;g[

115. Philology (gpyhy$p) – Rtoay;

116. Phonetics (nghbdl;of;!); – xyp
tot,ay;

117. Photobiology (nghl;nlhgahy$p) 118. Phrenology (`g;budhy$p) – kdj;
– xsp caphpapy. caphpfspd; kPJ xyp jpwdpay;. fghyj;jpd; \yk; kdj; jpwid
tiuaWf;Fk; Ma;t[

7

Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;g[ Fwpj;Jj
119. Phthisiology (jp!pnahy$p) fhr 120. Phycology (igf;fhy$p) ghrp ,ay;
nehapay;.
121.

Physical

Science

rapd;!);
,aw;gpay;.
bghUl;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l
kw;Wk; epfH;rr; pfs; Fwpj;jJ

(gp!pfy; 122. Physics (gp!pf;!); ,aw;gpay; caph;g; bghUspd; gz;gf[ s; Fwpj;jJ.
tpjpfs;

123. Physiography (gp!pnahfpuh`gp) 124.

Physiology

(gp!pnahy$p)

–

cly; ,a';fpay;

– g[tp ,aw;if ,ay;

125. Phytogeny (igl;nlhb$dp) – 126. Pomology (nghkhy$p) – fdp
jhtuj; njhw;wtpay;
127.

Psycology

,ay;. fdp/ gHkuk; Fwpj;j mwptpay;
(irf;fhy$p)

cstpay;
129.

– 128. Radio Astronomy (nuonah
m!;lu; hzkp) – fjpuiy/ thdtpay;

Radio

Biology

(neonah 130.

Radiology

(neonahy$p)

–

(bra;!k
; hy$p)

–

(brhpfy;rr; h;)

–

gahy$p) fjpuiy caphpay;. caphpfspy; fjph;tPrR; ,ay;
fjph; tPrR; Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;g[ Fwpj;jJ.
131.

Rheology

(nunahy$p)

gha;tpay;. bghUspd;
Fwpj;j Ma;t[

totk;/

133.

(brydhy$p)

Selenology

re;jputpay;
135.

Seismology

gha;t[ g{fk;gtpay;
– 134.

Sericulture

gl;Lg;g{r;rp tsh;gg
; [

Sociology

r\ftpay;

– 132.

(nrh#pahy$p) 136.

Spectroscopy

(!;bgf;ln
; uh!;nfhgp)

–

epuy;khiy

fhl;oay;
137. Teleology (blyhy$p) – bjhiy 138.
nehf;fpay;.
nehf;fKk;

Telepathy

,aw;ifapd;
njhw;wKk; bjhiykdj; bjhlh;gpay;
gw;wpa
bjhiynehf;F

(blypgjp)

–

8

Mjhu';fs;
139. Therapeutics

(bjuhgPof;!);

– 140. Topography (nlhnghfpuh`gp) –

rpfpr;ir ,ay;

jytotikg;g[

141. Toxicology (nlhf;!pfhy$p) 142.
Virology
er;rtpay;/ tp#';fs; gw;wpa Ma;t[
Ez;qaphpay;

(itnuhyh$p)

braw; fUtpfs;

1.

Altimeter

(My;o

kPll
; h;)

; h;) – kpd;dstp
– 2. Ammeter (mk;kPll

Fj;Jaustp.
Fj;Jau';fis
cjt[k; jputkpy;yhf; fUtp

msf;f – kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; typikia msf;f

3.

kPll
; h;) 4. Audiometer (Monah kPll
; h;) –

Anemometer

(mdpnkh

cjt[fpwJ

fhw;W tPrr; stp. fhw;wpd; ntfk;/ jpiria nfbshyp mstp.
mwpa cjt[tJ
msf;f cjt[fpwJ

Nfs;tpj;

jpwid

5. Barometer (ghnuh kPll
; h;) fhw;wGj;j 6. Binoculars (igdhFyh;!); ,ul;il
mstp. tspkz;ly mGj;jj;ij msf;f bjhiyfhl;o. bjhiyJ}ug; bghUl;fisf;
cjt[fpwJ
fhz cjt[tJ
7.

Calorimeter

(fnyhhp

kPll
; h;) 8. Chronometer (FnuhndhkPll
; h;) –

btk;ikastp
9.

fhy mstp. fhyj;ij msf;Fk; kpf
El;gkhd fUtp
Thermometer 10. Colorimeter (fyhp kPll
; h;) epw

Clinical

(fpspdpf;fy;

btg;gmstp. Kdpj
msf;f cjt[k; fUtp
11.

tz;z';fspd;
– mstp.
[ ehf;f cjt[tJ
cly;btg;gj;ij xg;gn

bjh;nkhkPll
; h;)

Commutator

jPtpuj;ij

(fk;a{nll;lh;) 12. Computer (fk;ga
; {l;lh;) fzpg;bghwp

kpd;jpir khw;wp. kpd;ndhl;l jpiria
khw;w cjt[tJ

9

; uh!;nfhg;) –
13. Dynamometer (ildnkh kPll
; h;) 14. Electroscope (vyf;ln
– kpd;jpwdstp. kpd; jpwid msf;f kpd;fhl;o
cjt[tJ
cjt[tJ

btg;gepiyia

msf;f

15. Galvanameter (fhy;tndh kPl;lh;) 16. Hydrometer (iQl;nuh kPll
; h;)
Ez; kpd; mstp. kpd;ndhl;lj;ij kpf jputkhdp. ePhk
; ';fspd; xg;g[ mlh;jj; pia
Ez;ikahf msf;f cjt[k; fUtp
msf;f cjt[tJ
17. Hydrophone (iQl;nuhnghd;) – 18. Hydrometer (iQl;nuh kPll
; h;) ePbuhyp th';fp. ePUf;foapy;
Fuiyf; nfl;f cjt[tJ

ngRk; <ug;gj mstp

19. Hygroscope (iQf;nuh!;nfhg;) - 20. Lactometer (yhf;nlh kPll
; h;) –
<ug;gj';fhl;o.
<ug;gj
mst[ ghystp. ghypd;
khw;w';fisf; fhz cjt[k; fUtp
fhz cjt[tJ
21.

Magnetometer

xg;g[

mlh;jj; piaf;

(khf;dl;nlh 22. Manometer (khndhkPll
; h;) – jput

mstp.
tspk';fspd;
kPll
; h;) – fhe;j mstp. fhe;jj; jpUg;gj[ ; mGj;j
jpwida[k/; g[y';fisa[k; xg;gn
[ ehf;f mGj;jj;ij msf;f cjt[tJ
cjt[k; fUtp
23.

Mariner’s

Compass 24.

(kiudh;!f; hk;g!;) khYkp jpirfhl;o

Ez;zstp.
nfhz';fisj;
cjt[tJ

25. Microscope (ikf;nuh!;nfhg;) – 26.
Ez;fhl;o

Micrometer

(ikf;nuhkPll
; h;)

–

rpW
bjiyt[fs;/
Jy;ypakhf
msf;f

Periscope

(bghp!;nfhg;)

–

fhz;gth; fz;kl;lj;jpw;F nky; ,Uf;Fk;
bghUl;fisf; fhz cjt[tJ

27. Photometer (nghl;nlhkPll
; h;) – 28.

Plantimeter

(gpshd;okPll
; h;)

–

xyp mstp. xsph;bghUl;fspd; bghypt[j; gug;gstp. Rkjsg;gug;igj; bjhFj;jspf;f
jPtpuj;ij xg;gn
[ ehf;f cjt[k; mstp
cjt[k; fUtp
29. Pyknometer (igf;nd kPll
; h;) – 30.

Pyrheliometer

(igh;Qpypnah

10

mlh;tstp. ePhk
; j;jpd; mlh;jj; piaa[k;/ kPll
; h;) – fdw;fjpustp. Nhpaf; fjph;
tphpita[k; msf;f cjt[k; fUtp
tPrR; f;fis msf;f cjt[tJ
31. Pyrometer (ignuh kPll
; h;) fdy; 32.

Quadrant

(Fthl;ud;l);

mstp. cah;btg;g epiyia msf;f br';Fj;jstp.
gaz
mikg;gpYk;/
cjt[k; fUtp
thdtpaypYk;
Fj;Jau';fisa[k;
nfhz';fisa[k; msg;gJ
33. Quartz Clock (Fthh;l!
; ; fpshf;) – 34.

Radio Micrometer

(nuonah

goff;fy; fofhuk;. Thdpay; Ma;tf[ spy; ikf;nuh kPll
; h;) fjpuiy Ez;zstp.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpfj; Jy;ypa fofhuk; btg;gf; fjph; tPrR; f;fis msg;gJ
35.

Rain

Gauge

(buapd;

nf$;) 36.

kiHastp

Refractometer

(hp`g;uhf;nlh

kPll
; h;) – tpyfy; mstp. xsptpyfy;
vz;iz msf;f cjt[tJ

; khfpuhg;) –
37. Salinometer (rhypndh kPll
; h;) – 38. Seismography (bra;!n
cg;gf[ ; fiury; mstp

g{fk;g mstp

39. Sextant (brf;!l
; hd;l); – nfhzj; 40. Spectroscope (!;bgf;ln
; uh!;nfhg;)
bjhiytstp.
bghUl;fSf;fpilnaahd
bjhiyt[fis msg;gJ

,U – epuy;khiyf;fhl;o. kpd;fhe;j
nfhzj; thpiriag; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ

miy

41. Spectrometer (!;bgf;ln
; uh kPll
; h;) 42. Spherometer (!;bgnuh kPll
; h;) –
epuy;khiy mstp. xsptpyfy; vz;fis nfhsmstp.
nfhsf
totg;
kpf El;gkhf mstpl cjt[tJ
bghUs;fspd; tistpidj; Jy;ypakhf
msf;f cjt[k; fUtp
43. Spygmomanometer (!;igf;nkh 44. Spring Balance (!;gphp'; ghyd;!);
khndh kPll
; h;) ,uj;j mGj;j mstp

RUs; juhR

45. Stereoscope (!;Ohpnah!;nfhg;) – 46.

Stethoscope

xspf;fUtp.
bghUs;
Mhj;ija[k; ,jaj; Jog;gstp
jplj;jd;ikiaa[k; btspg;gLj;jp ,U
ghpkhzg; glkhff; fhl;LtJ

(!;blj!;nfhg;)

-

11

47. Stroboscope (!;ouhngh!;nfhg;) – 48.

Tangent

Galvanometer

RHy; mstp. Fwpg;gpl;lf;fhy mstpy; (nl";rd;l; fhy;tndh kPll
; h;) bjhL
tpiue;J
,a';Fk;
bghUl;fspd; Ez;zstp. neh;kpd;ndhl;l typikia
mjpntfr; rydj;ij nehf;Fk; fUtp
msf;f cjt[tJ
49. telemeter (blypkPll
; h;) – bjhiy 50.

Teleprinter

(blypgphpz;lh;)

–

mstp. btF bjhiytpy; elf;Fk; bjhiy vGjp. bjhiyapl';fSf;Fj;
epfH;rr; pfisg; gjt[bra;ak
[ ; fUtp
jfty;fis mr;brGj cjt[k; fUtp
51. Telescope (bly!;nfhg;) bjhiy 52.
fhl;o

Television

(blyptp#d;)

bjhiyf;fhl;rpg; bgl;o

53. Thermoscope (bjh;nkh!;nfhg;) – 54. Thermostat (bjh;nkh!;lhl;) btg;g
btg;g';fhl;o.
bghUspd;
khw;w';fspd;
ntWghl;il
cjt[fpwJ

btg;gj;jhy;
xU epiyg;gLj;jp
gUkdpy;
Vw;gLk;
mog;gilapy;
btg;g
njhuhakhf
msf;f

55. Vernier (bth;dpah;) Ez;zstp. 56. Viscometer (tp!;nfhkPll
; h;) – ghF
mst[nfhypd; kpff; Fiwe;j myfpd; epiyastp
cl;gFg;gf[ isr;
Rj;jkhf
mstpl
cjt[k; fUtp
57.

Voltmeter

kpd;dGj;j mstp

(nthy;l;

kPll
; h;)

–

12

,aw;gpay;
ve;jputpay;
1. ntiy – bghUbshd;wpd; kPJ tpir bray;gLk;nghJ tpirapd; jpirapy;
bghUshdJ efh;ej; hy; tpirahy; ntiy bra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;W Twyhk;.
2. mt;tpir

bray;gl;L

bghUs;

efuhkypUe;jhy;

tpirahy;

ntiy

bra;ag;gltpy;iy vdyhk;. tpirapdhy; bra;ag;gLk; ntiy W = F x S
3. ntiyapd; myF $Py; MFk;. $Py; xU bghUspd; kPJ xU epa{l;ld;
mst[ss
; tpir bray;gl;L/ mg;bghUshdJ 1 kPll
; h; bjhiyt[ efUtjhff;
bfhz;lhy; bra;ag;gl;l ntiyapd; mst[ 1 $Py; MFk;. 1 $Py; = 1
epa{l;ld; 1 kPll
; h;
4. ntiy bra;ag;gLk; tPjk; jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
5. kpd;dhw;wyhdJ

fpnythl;

kzp

msf;fg;gLfpwj. ,jid kpd;rhu
ve;jpu';fspd; jpwd; bghJthff;

(Kilo watt hour)

myfhhf
Fjpiuj;

vd;w

myfhy;

1 a{dpl; vd;fpnwhk;.
jpwd; vd;w myfhy;

msf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1 H.P. (Horse power) = 746 watt
6. Mw;wy; - ntiyapd; myF $Py/; Mw;wypd; myFk; $Py; MFk;. Mw;wy;
gy tot';fspy; cs;sd.
7. ,af;f Mw;wy; - xU bghUs; mjd; ,af;fj;jpdhy; bgw;Ws;s Mw;wiy
,af;f Mw;wy; vd;fpnwhk;. ,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd tha;g;ghL ½ mv2 $Py;
MFk;.
8. vspa ve;jpu';fs; - xU Fwpg;gpl;l g[ss
; papy;/ xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy;
bray;gLk; xU tpiria/ mjd; kjpg;ignah my;yJ ntbwhU
jpirianah/ my;yJ ,uz;ila[nkh khw;wp ntbwhU (jFe;j) g[ss
; papy;
fpilf;FkhW bra;ak
[ ; mikg;gpid vspa ve;jpuk; vd;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
bek;gn
[ fhy;/ fg;gp/ rf;fuKk; ,URk;/ rha;jsk;/ jpUF/ Mg;g[ ,it nghd;w
rhjd';fs;.

13

9. bghUbshd;wpd;

kPJ

tpir

bray;gLk;nghJ

tpirapd;

jpirapy;

bghUshdJ efh;ej; hy; ntiy bra;ag;gl;lJ vdyhk;. (W = FXS) ntiy
bra;ag;gLk; tPjk; jpwd; vdg;gLk;. mjd; myF thl; 1 H.P. = 746 thl;.
xU bghUspd; Mw;wy; vd;gJ mJ bra;a ,aYk; ntiyapd; msitf;
Fwpg;gjhFk;. epiyahw;wy; = mgh $Py/; ,af;f Mw;wy; = ½ mv2 MFk;.

ePhk
; epiyapay;
; j;jpnyh my;yJ tha[tpnyh bfhLf;fg;gLk; mGj;jk;
10. gh!;fy; tpjp – xU ePhk
11.
12.

13.

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; rkkhf gut[fpwJ.
gh!;fy; tpjpapd; mog;gilapy; ePhpay; mGj;jpa[k/; ePhk
; tpay; jila[k;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
ce;J tpirf;Fk; bghUs; ePhk
; j;jpy; \H;Fk; nghJ mjdhy; btspnaw;wg;gl;l
ePhk
; j;jpd; vilf;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;gpid Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;f mwp"h;
Mh;ff; pkpo!; fz;lwpe;jhh;
tspkz;ly mGj;jk; vd;gJ fhw;wpd; mGj;jkhFk;. fp..gp.1643,y; ,j;jhyp
ehl;L mwptpay; mwp"h; lhhpbry;yp Kjd; Kjypy; ghuhkhdpiag;
gad;gLj;jp fhw;wpd mGj;jj;ij mse;jhh;.
`ghh;lo
; d; ghukhdp fhw;wpd; mGj;jj;ij Jy;ypakhf mstpLk; fUtpahFk;.
fhw;wGj;jj;jhy; ,a';Fk; fUtpfs; kpjptz;o gk;g/[ mof;FHha;/ tpirg;gk;g.[
mGj;jk; - fydpd; XuyF gug;gpd; kPJ bray;gLk; tpir mGj;jk;
vdg;gLk;.
mGj;jj;jpd; myF epa{l;ld; _ kPll
; h;2 Mdhy; eilKiwapy; jput
mGj;jk; gh!;fy; vd;w myfhy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU gh!;fy; vd;gJ XuyFg; gug;gpd; kPJ xU epa{l;uhd; tpir bray;gLk;
nghJ Vw;gLk; mGj;jk; MFk;.
mlh;jj; p vz; - xU bghUspd; mlh;jj; p vz; vd;gJ bghUspd;
mlh;jj; pf;Fk;/ ePhpd; mlh;jj; pf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; mlh;jj; p vz;qf;F myF
,y;iy.

14

20. mlh;jj; p – xU bghUspd; mlh;jj; p vd;gJ mjd; epiwf;Fk;/ gUkDf;Fk;
21.
22.
23.

24.

,ilna cs;s tpfpjk; MFk;.
kpjj;jy;
tpjpfs;
kpjf;Fk;
bghUspd;
vil
mg;bghUshy;
btspnaw;wg;gl;l jputj;jpd; vilf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
kpjf;Fk; bghUspd; <h;gg
; i
[ kak; mg;bghUshy; btspnaw;wg;gl;l jputj;jpd;
<h;gg
; [ ikak; ,t;tpuz;Lk; xnu br';Fj;Jf; nfhl;oy; mika[k;
jputkhdp gad;fs; - ,J ghypd; J}a jd;ikiaf; fz;lwpag;
ghy;khdpahft[k/; kpd;fy';fspy; cs;s mkpy';fspd; xg;glh;jj; piaf;
fhzt[k/; My;fQhy;fspd; rjtPjj;ijj; bjhpe;J bfhs;st[k; gad;gLfpwJ.
gpspk;rhy; nfhLfs; - btt;ntW fhyepiyfspy;/ Vw;gLk; khWgl;l fly;
ePhpd; mlh;jj; pf;F Vw;wthW fg;gypy; rkepiyia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Ffhff;
fg;gypd; gf;fthl;oy; gy nfhLfs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;nfhLfs;
gpspk;rhy; nfhLfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wg; g[fH;kpf;f khYkp gpspk;rhy;
epidthf ,g;bgah; ,lg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.

btg;gtpay;
25. 4° bry;rpa!; rpwpa ePhpd; mlh;jj; p mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 0° bry;rpa!; apy;
gdpf;fl;oapd; gUkd; mjpfk;/ Mdhy; mlh;jj; p Fiwt[ vdnt mlh;jj; pf;
Fiwe;j gdpf;fl;o ePhpd; nky; kpjf;fpwJ.
26. xU fpuhk; btg;gepiyia 1 ofphp bry;rpa!; cah;jJ
; tjw;Ff; bfhLf;fg;gLk;
btg;gj;jpd; mst[ 1 fnyhhp vdg;gLk;.
• btg;gj;ij msf;f fnyhhp vd;w myF gad;gLfpwJ
• 1 fnyhhp vd;gJ 4.2 $Pyf; Sf;Fr; rkk;
• 1000 $Pyf; s; = 1 fpnyh $Py; (10/00/000 $Pyf; s; = 1 bkfh $Py);
27. epiy khw;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gLk; btg;gk; cs;kiw btg;gk;
vdg;gLk;
28. ePhpd; btg;gepiy 4 ofphp bry;rpa!; I tpl Fiwa[k; bghGJ mjd; gUkd;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
29. jdpbtg;gepiy gw;wpa fUj;ijf; Twpath; bfy;tpd; vd;w mwptpayhsh;.

15

30. Tha[ \yf;TWfs; Xa;t[ epiyia mila[k; btg;gepiyna jdpr;RHp
my;yJ jdpbtg;gepiy vdg;gLk;.
31. 0 ofphp jdpbtg;gepiy = -273 ofphp bry;rpa!; mjhtJ 0.K ,';F nf

vd;gJ bfy;tpd; vd;w myF MFk;. ,jd;go t°c= (273+t)K
32. bfy;tpd; mst[ = bry;rpa!; mst[ +273
0°c = 273K; 100°c = 373K; 273°c = 0.K

33. ghjur btg;gepiykhdpfs;
• ghjurj;jpy; xsp g[fhJ
• ghjurj;jpd; jd; btg;g Vw;gj[ j; pwd; Fiwt[
• ghjurj;jpd; kpff;
bgUf;fkila[k;

Fiwe;j

btg;g

cah;t[fF
; k;

xnu

rPuhfg;

• ciw epiy 39°c bfhjpepiy 357°c
• cah; btg;g epiyfis msf;fg; ghjur btg;g epiykhdpfs;
gad;gLfpwJ
34. My;fQhy; btg;gepiykhdpfs;
• My;fQhy; epwkw;w
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

jputk;/

rptg;g[

ePy

epwk;

fyf;fg;gl;L

• btg;g epiy cah;tf[ ;F ghjurj;ij tpl mjpfst[ bgUf;fk;
milfpwJ. Mfnt
• My;fQhy; btg;gepiykhdpfs; cah;t[ El;gk; mjpfk;
• My;fQhhy; ciuepiy – 115°c bfhjpepiy 78°c
35. ghapy; tpjp – khwhj btg;gepiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;l epiwa[ss
; xU tha[tpa;d
gUkd; mjd; mGj;jj;jpw;F vjph;tpfpjj;jpy; khWgLfpwJ.
36. rhh;y!; tpjp – gUkd; khwhjnghJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiwa[ss
; tha[tpd;
mGj;jk;/ mGj;jk; khwhj nghJ mjd; gUkDk; mjd; rhh;gpyh btg;g
epiyf;F neh;tpfpjj;jpy; mika[k;

16

Xypapay;
37. vjpbuhyp - ek;ik mila 1_10 tpdhof;F mjpfkhf vLj;Jf;bfhz;lhy;
vjpbuhypf;fg;gl;l xypia ehk; jdpahff; nfl;fpnwhk;. ,jidna vjpbuhyp
vd;fpnwhk;.
38. fhw;wpy; xypapd; ntfk; tpdhof;F 340 kPll
; h; 1_10 tpdhoapy; xyp bry;Yk;
J}uk; 34 kPll
; h; vjpbuhypf;Fk; jsk; 17 kPll
; h; bjhiyt[fF
; nky; ,Ue;jhy;
neuo xypa[k/; vjpbuhypf;fg;gl;l xypa[k; jdpj;jdpahf nfl;Fk;.
39. ,irf;fUtpfs; - tPiz/ fpl;lhh;/ taypd;/ rpj;jhh; nghd;w fUtpfspy;
fk;gpfs; mjph;tiltjhy; xyp cz;lhfpwJ. g[yy
; h';FHy;/ ehj!;tuk;/
b#dha; Mfpa fUtpfs; thahy; CJtjd; \yk; FHypy; cs;s fhw;W
mjph;tilar; bra;ag;gLfpwJ. kpUj';fk;/ jgyh/ jtpy; nghd;wit
njhw;fUtpfs;/ rt;tpd; btt;ntW gFjpfspy; bkJthfnth/ mGj;jpnah
jl;LtjhYk; mjd; ,Gtpiria khw;WtjhYk; xypapd; RUjp/ brwpt[
Mfpad khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
[ k; nghJ mjd; mjph;btz; 2040. kPbahyp miyf;s – xU bghUs; mjph;tW
ypUe;J/ 20/000 bQh;l!
; ; tiu ,Uf;Fk; nghJ ehk; nfl;f Koa[k.;
41. 20/000 bQ;li
; !tpl mjpfkhd mjph;btz; cs;s xypaiyfs; kPbahyp
miyfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw ek; brtpfshy; czu KoahJ.
42. kPbahyp miyfspd; gad;fs; -[
1. SONAR: - ,J Sound Navigation and Ranging vd;gjd;
RUf;fk;. ePh\
; H;fpf; fg;gy;/ flypDs; tpGe;j tpkhdk;/ bghpa
gdpf;fl;ofs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpof;f nrhdhh; gad;gLfpwJ. cah;
mjph;btz; miyfisj; njhw;Wtpj;J ePhpd; tHpna brYj;jpdhy;/
,t;tiyfs; ePhpDs; cs;s bghUs;fspy; gl;L vjpbuhspf;fpd;wd.
,t;thW vjpbuhspj;j miyfis Xh; Vw;gp \yk; bgw;Wg; bghUspd;
jd;ikia mwpayhk;.
43. xypg;gjpt[ - fhe;jj; jd;ik bfhz;l ehlhf;fspd; kPnjh/ rpdpkh glr;RUspy;
xypg;ghijapy; gjpt[ bra;tJ nghd;nwh jw;fhy';fspy; xypahdJ gjpt[

17

bra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW gjpt[ bra;ag;gLk; xypia njitg;gLk; nghJ
mnj nghd;W jpUk;gt[k; bgwyhk;.
44. jw;nghJ v`F ehlhtpw;Fg; gjpyhf xypg;gjpt[ bra;tjw;Fg; gpsh!;of; ehlh
(fhe;j ehlh) gad;gLfpwJ.

xspapay;
45. vjpbuhspj;jy; - rkjs Moay; gLk; xspf;fjph;fs; ve;j Clfj;jpypUe;J
te;jnjh mnj Clfj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gk
[ ; epfH;rr; pf;F vjpbuhspj;jy; vd;W bgah;.
46. vjpbuhspj;jy; tpjpfs;
1. gLfjph;/
kPsf; jph;/
gLk;gs
[ s
; papd;
tHpna
tiuag;gLk;
br';Fj;Jf;nfhL Mfpait xnu jsj;jpy; mika[k;
2. gLnfhzKk; kPs; nfhzKk; rkk;
47. rkjs Moapy; njhd;Wk; gpk;gk; khagpk;gk; MFk;.
48. rkjs Moapy; njhd;Wk; gpk;gk; neuhdJ
49. rkjs Moapy; njhd;Wk; gpk;gj;jpd; mst[k; bghUspd; mst[k; rkkhf
,Uf;Fk; mr;rf';fspy; mr;rf;nfhh;fF
; k;nghJ Vw;gLk; gpiHfisf; fhz;gjw;F
rkjs Mofs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
50. fiylh!;nfhg;gpy; njhd;Wk; tot';fis itj;J Milfspy; oird;
mikf;fpwhh;fs;
51. nfhsf Moapd; gad;fs;
1. FHp Mofs; Kfr; rtuk; bra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. gy;
kUj;Jth;fs;
FHp
Moia
cUg;bgUf;fpahfg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh;
3. ngUe;Jfspd; Kfg;g[ tpsf;Ff;s lhh;r; tpsf;Ffs; gltPHj; j; pfs;
Ez;nzhf;fp Mfpatw;wpy; vjpbuhspg;ghd;fshf FHp Mofs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
4. ngUe;J fhh; nghd;w thfd';fspy; Xl;LeUf;F mUnf gpd;nd
cs;sgue;j fhl;rpfis fhz;gjw;Ff; Ftp Mofs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
52. xsp Xh; Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhh; Clfj;jpw;F bry;Yk; nghJ jdJ
ghijapypUe;J rw;w tpyfpr; bry;fpwJ. ,jw;F xsptpyfy; vd;W bgah;.

18

53. Xsptpyfyila[kn
; ghJ rpy tpjpfSf;Fl;gLfpwJ. mit – gLfjph;/ tpyF
54.

55.

56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.

fjph;/ Fj;Jf;nfhL. ,it \d;Wk; xnu jsj;jpy; mika[k;
gLnfhzj;jpd; ird; kjpg;gpw;Fk;/ tpyF nfhzj;jpd; ird; kjpg;gpw;Fk;
,ilnaa[sd
; tpfpjk; xU khwhj vz;zhFk;. ,jw;F (2Mk; tpjpf;F) !;bey;
tpjp vd;Wk; bgah;.
Xsp tpyfy; vz; - gLnfhzj;jpd; irDf;Fk;/ tpyF nfhzj;jpd; irDf;Fk;
,ilnaa[ss
; tpfpjk; xU khwh vz;. ,e;j vz;zpw;F xsp tpyfy; vz;
vd;W bgah;. jz;zPhpd; xsp tpyfy; vz; 1.33 fz;zho 1.5/ bgl;nuhypak;
1.38 ituk; 2.4/ fhw;w 1
rkjs Mofs; fiylh!;nfhg;/ bghp!;nfhg; nghd;w xspapay; fUtpfspy;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
epwg;gphpifapd; - tpisthfj; njhd;Wk; tz;zj; njhw;wk; epwkhiy
vdg;gLk;. (epwkhiy = VIBGYOR)
kpf mjpfkhf tpyfy; mila[k; epwk; Cjh
kpff; Fiwthf tpyfy; mila[k; epwk; rptg;g[
Kjd;ik epw';fs; - rptg;g/[ ePyk;/ gr;ir ,itfis 30:11:59 vd;w
tpfpjj;jpy; fyg;gjhy; btz;ik epwk; cz;lhFk;.
vy;yh epw';fisa[k; <h;jJ
; f;bfhs;Sk; bghUs; fUikahft[k; njhd;Wk;.
rptg;g[ epw jl;od; tHpahf gr;ir epwg; bghUisa[nah (m) gr;ir epw
jl;od; tHpahf rptg;g[ epwg; bghUisa[nah ghh;jj; hy; fWg;ghfj; bjhpa[k.;
Mdhy; gr;ir rptg;gpd; Jiz epwkhf k";rs; epwk; k";rs; epwkhfnt
fhl;rpaspf;Fk;

63. KG mf vjpbuhspg;g[ - xspf;fjph; mlh;t[ kpF Clfj;jpypUe;J mlh;t[
Fiw Clfj;jpw;Fs; bry;Yk; nghJ gLnfhzk;/ khWepiyf; nfhzj;ij tpl
mjpfkhdhy; tpyF fjph; mlh;t[ kpF Clfj;jpw;Fs;nsna vjpbuhspf;fpwJ.
,e;epfH;t[ KG mf vjpbuhspg;g[ vdg;gLk;.
64. ,irt[gLjpwd; - bghUs;fspd; J}u';fSf;nfw;g jd; Ftpa J}uj;ij khw;wpf;
bfhs;Sk; tpHpbyd;rpd; jpwd; fz;zpd; ,irt[gLjpwd; vdg;gLfpwJ.

19

65. bjspt[W fhl;rpapd; kPrr; pW bjhiyt[ - Fiwghlw;w fz; ghh;it bfhz;l
xUtDf;F xU bghUis bjspthff; fhzf;Toa kpff;Fiwe;j bjhiyt[
Vwf;Fiwa 25 br.kP (0.25 kP) MFk;. ,J bjspt[W fhl;rpapd; kPrr; pW
bjhiyt[ vdg;gLk;. ,j;bjhiyt[fF
; s; mika[k; bghUs;fs; bjspthfj;
bjhpahJ.
66. fpl;lg;ghh;it – mz;ikapy; cs;s bghUs;fis kl;Lnk bjspthf fhz
Koe;J/ nra;ikapYs;s bghUs;fisj; bjspthf fhz ,ayhj jd;ik
ek;kpy; rpyUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. ,f;FiwghL cilnahhpd; tpHpf;nfhsk;
btspna ePzo
; Uf;Fk;. Byd;rpd; kpf mjpff; Ftpe;j jd;ika[k;
,f;Fiwg;ghl;ow;F xU fhuzkhf mikayhk;. bjhiyJ}uj;jpy; cs;s xU
bghUspypUe;J
tUk;
,izahd xspf;fjph;fshdJ
tpHpj;jpiuf;F
Kd;djhfnt Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ gpk;gkhdJ tpHpj;jpiuapd; kPJ
tpHhJ. jFe;j Ftpa J}uKila FHpbyd;irg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; \yk;
fpl;lg;ghh;it vd;w Fiwghl;ilr; rhp bra;a Koa[k.;
67. J}ug;ghh;it – nra;ikapy; cs;s bghUs;fis kl;Lnk bjspthf fhz
Koe;J/ mz;ikapYs;s bghUs;fisj; bjspthf fhz ,ayhj jd;ik
ek;kpy; rpyUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. ,f;FiwghL J}ug;ghh;it vdg;gLk;.
,f;FiwghL cilnahhpd; tpHpf;nfhskhdJ Fiwghlw;w fz;iz
tplf;FWfp rw;nw cs;sl';fpf; fhzg;gLk;. tpHpbyd;rpd; Fiwe;j Ftpe;j
jd;ika[k; ,f;Fiwghl;ow;F xU fhuzkhf mika[k.; mg;nghJ mUfpYs;s
bghUs;fspy; tUk xspf;fjph;fs; tpHpbyd;rpy; gl;L tpyf;fkile;J
tpHpj;jpiuf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Ftpa[k; mjhtJ gpk;gkhdJ tpHpj;jpiuapd; kPJ
tpHhJ. jFe;j Ftpa J}uKila Ftpbyd;irg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; \yk;
fz;zpd; J}ug;ghh;it vd;w Fiwghl;il rhp bra;a Koa[k.;
68. mfr;rptg;g[ fjph;fs; - kpd;fhe;j epwkhiyapy; fz;qf;Fg; g[ydhFk; fjph;fs;
gFjpapy; rptg;gg
[ ; gFjpf;F mg;ghy; rptg;g[ epwj;jpd; miyePsj;ijtpl
kpFe;J mike;Js;s fjph;tPrR; fs; mfr;rptg;g[ fjph;fs; MFk;. Mfr;rptg;gf[ ;
fjph;fs; ,aw;if \yk; Nhpad; MFk;. Bte;jzypYs;s ve;j xU
bghUSk; mfr;rptg;gf[ ; fjph;fis btspapLk;. Nnlw;wg;gl;l l';!l
; d; xU

20

ey;y mfr; rptg;g[ fjph; \ykhFk;. beh;d!;l; f;nshth; kw;Wk; f;nshgh;
nghd;wit mfr;rptg;gf[ ; fjph;fspd; kpfr; rpwe;j braw;if \y';fshFk;.
69. mfr;rptg;g[ fjph;fspd; gad;fs;
1. fhw;whYk;/ mlh;jj; pahd gdp\l;l';fshYk; mfr; rptg;g[ fjph;fs;
<h;ff; g;glhJ. Mifahy; fz;qf;Fg; g[ydhFk;. fjph; tPrR; fshy;
CLUt ,ayhj ,l';fisg; glk;gpof;f mfr; rptg;g[ fjph;fs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. ePh; mfr;rptg;g[ fjph;fis mjpfkhf <h;fF
; k; jd;ika[ilaJ.
Mifahy; glr;RUspy;/ VhpfSk;/ MWfSk; ,Uf;ff;Toa
,l';fs; fUikahfj; njhd;Wk;. ,tw;iw mfr;rptg;g[ fjph;
xspg;glg;bgl;o \yk; mwpayhk;.
3. mfr;rptg;g[ fjph;fs; kdpj clypy; CLUt[k; jpwd; cilait.
,it ,uj;jf; FHha;fis tphptilar; bra;J/ mjpf ,uj;j
Xl;lj;jpw;F tHp tFf;fpwJ.
4. \yf;TWfspd; mikg;igg; bjhpe;J bfhs;tjw;Fk;/ fhpk
\yf;TWfisf;
fz;Lgpof;ft[k/;
milahsk;
fhzt[k;
mfr;rptg;gf[ ; fjph;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
70. g[w Cjhf; fjph;fs; - kpd;fhe;j epwkhiyapy; fz;qf;Fg; g[ydhFk; fjph;fs;
gFjpapy; Cjhg; gFjpf;F nkny Cjh epwj;jpd; miy ePsj;ijtpl Fiwe;j
mike;Js;s fjph;tPrR; fs; g[wCjhf; fjph;fs; MFk;.
71. g[w Cjhf; fjph;fspd; gad;fs;
1. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; fl;ofisf; Fzg;gLj;JtjpYk; njhy;
neha;fs; kw;Wk; vYk;g[ neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;JtjpYk; g[w
Cjhf; fjph;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. Fiwe;j miy ePsKila g[w Cjhf; fjph;fs;/ kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk;
jLg;g[ kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg;gLk; miwfisf; fpUkpfspypUe;J
ghJfhf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
3. xspUk; ghjur tpsf;Ffspy; g[w Cjhf; fjph;fs; fz;qf;Fg;
g[ydhFk; fjph;fshf khWtjhy; mjpf btspr;rj;ijj; jUfpd;wd.

21

4. Fiwe;j miy ePsKila g[w Cjhf;fjph;fs; fha';fis
Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
5. bghUl;fis xspa{l;lg; g[w Cjhf;fjph;fis gad;gLj;jpdhy;/
Ez;nzhf;fpapd; gphpj;jwpa[k; jpwd; mjpfkhfpwJ.
6. g[w Cjhf; fjph;fs; kpd;rhu vr;rhpf;if kzpia ,af;fg;
gad;gLfpwJ
72. mjpf brwpa[il g[w Cjhf; fjph;fs; bfLjy; tpistpf;Fk;. NhpadpypUe;J
tuf;Toa g[w Cjhf; fjph;fspy; bgUk;gFjp tspkz;lyj;jhy; <h;ff; g;gLfpwJ.
mjdhy;
kpff;Fiwe;j
brwpa[ila
g[wCjhf;
fjph;fns
g[tpia
te;jilfpd;wd. ,jdhy; g[tpia te;jila[k; g[w Cjhf; fjph;fs;
Mgj;Jfis tpistpg;gjpy;iy.

kpd;rhutpay;
73. fz;zhoj;Jz;L/
gl;Lj;Jzpahy;
nja;f;fg;gLk;
nghJ
xUtif
kpd;D}l;lj;ijg; bgWfpwJ. ,j;jifa kpd;D}l;lj;ij ehk; neh; kpd;D}l;lk;
vd;fpnwhk;.
74. vbghidl; jz;L fk;gspahy; nja;ff; g;gLk;nghJ kw;bwhU tif
kpd;D}l;lj;ijg; bgWfpwJ. ,ij vjph; kpd;D}l;lk; vd;fpnwhk;.
75. mqf;fspy; g[nuhl;lhd;/ vyf;ll
; uhd;/ epa{l;uhd; Mfpa Jfs;fs; cs;sJ.
76. mqtpd; ikaj;jpy; kpfr; rpwpa gFjpapy; g[nuhl;lhd;fSk;/ epa{l;uhd;fSk;
cs;sd. ,g;gFjpf;F mqf;fU vd;W bgah;.
77. mqf;fUtpw;F btspna ePst
; l;lg; ghijfspy; vyf;lu; hd;fs; Rw;wp
tUfpd;wd.
78. iQl;u$d; mqtpw;F kl;Lk; epa{l;uhd;fs; ,y;iy.
79. Xh; mqtpy; cs;s g[nuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifa[k/; vyf;lu; hd;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifa[k;
rkkhf
cs;sJ.
mjhtJ
neh;kpd;ndhl;lKk;
vjph;kpd;ndhl;lKk; rk mstpy; cs;sd. vdnt Xh; mqkpd; eLepiyik
tfpf;fpwJ.
80. kpd;fyk; jhkpuf; fk;gpj; Jz;Lfs;/ kpd;gy;g[ ,ize;j ,e;j mikg;gpw;F
kpd;Rw;W vd;W bgah;.

22

81. kpd;fyj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jth; ,j;jhyp ehl;L mwp"h; nthy;ll
; h
Mthh;.
82. kpd;rhu nkhl;lhh; - kpd;dhw;wiy ,ae;jpu Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; fUtpna
kpd;rhu nkhl;lhuhFk;. kpf;!p khtiuf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk; mr;R ,ae;jpuk;/ ijay;
,ae;jpuk;.
83. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; - kpd;ndhl;lk; bry;Yk; flj;jpiar; Rw;wpYk; fhe;jg;gy
[ k;
Vw;gLk;.
84. A.C. ildnkh (A.C. kpd;dpaw;wp) – ve;jpu Mw;wiy/ kpd;dhw;wyhf
khw;wf;Toa xU rhjdk; ildnkh my;yJ kpd;dpaw;wp MFk;.
85. D.C.

ildnkh

my;yJ

D.C.

kpd;dpaw;wp

–

A.C. ilankhtpy;

kpd;ndhl;lkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilbtspfspy; jdJ jpiria khw;wpf;
bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.

mq ,aw;gpay;
86. 1895

–

Mk;

Mz;L

uhz;l$d;

vd;gtuhy;

vf;!;

fjph;fs;

fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ld.
87. vf;!; fjph;fs; 1 A° Kjy; 100 A° tiu miyePsk; bfhz;l kpd;fhe;j
miyfshFk;. (A vd;gJ Mk;!l
; u; h';; - 1A° = 10-10 kP)
88. mit xspapd; jpir ntfj;jpy; (3 X108 MS-1) ,a';Ffpd;wd.
89. vf;!; fjph;fs; bfhz;L vLf;fg;gl;l epHw;gl';fs; vYk;g[ Kwptpidf;
fz;lwpat[k/; EiuaPuy; kw;Wk; clypd; kw;w ghf';fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
neha;fisf; fz;lwpat[k; gad;gLfpd;wd.
90. fjph;tPrR; – a[nudpak; nghd;w fdkhd jdpk';fs; jhdhfnt mjpf
CLUt[jj; pwd; bfhz;l fjph;fis btspapLfpd;wd.
91. nkhp fpa{hp kw;Wk; mtUila fzth; gpa{hp
a[nudpaj;jhJtpypUe;J

g[jpa

Mfpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpoj;jhh;.

jdpk';fshd

–

fpa{hp

bghnyhdpak;/

,UtUk;
nuoak;

23

92. mq vz; 82f;F nky; (fhhPaj;ijtplf; fdkhd) cs;s gy ,aw;ifj;
jdpk';fs; fjphpaf;fj; jd;ik bfhz;litahf cs;sd. mqrf;jp fkp#d;
1948y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;Kjy; nrh;kdhf ,Ue;jth; vr;.n$. ghgh
93. mqrf;jp Jiw 1954y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
94. ghgh mq Muha;rr; p ikak; 1957k; Mz;L l;uhk;ngapy; (kfhuh#;ouh)
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
95. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; mq ciy mg;ruh 1956y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Jnt
Mrpahtpd; Kjy; mq ciyahFk;.
96. jw;nghJ
Vwf;Fiwa
50
,aw;iff;
fjphpaf;fj;
jdpk';fs;
fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
97. fjph;fsp;d ghij vjph;kpd; jfl;oid nehf;fp tpyf;fkilfpwJ. mf;fjph;fs;
neh;kpd;ndhl;lk; bfhz;l α- Jfs;fshf ,Uf;fntz;Lk; vdt[k; gpd;g[
,f;fjph;fs; QPypak; cl;fUf;fs; vdt[k; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
98. neh;kpd; jfl;il nehf;fp tpyf;fkila[k; β- fjph;fs; vjph; kpd;D}l;lk;
bfhz;l vyf;lu; hd;fshy; Mdit/ vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
99. J}z;Ltjd; \yk; braw;if Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;ij kw;bwhU jdpkkhf
khw;w ,aYk; epfH;t[ braw;iff; fjphpaf;fk; my;yJ J}z;lg;gl;l fjphpaf;fk;
vdg;gLk;.
100. nuonah – nfhghy;l; g[wW
; neha; rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
101. tptrhaj; Jiwapy; nuonah Inrhnlhg;gpd; gad;
102. tsUk; jhtu';fs; cl;ftUk; gh!;gu!; msit mwpa nuonah gh!;gu!;
cu';fSld; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
103. bky;ypa v`F jfL/ jhs; nghd;wtw;wpd; joked mstpl fhkhf; fjph;fs;
gad;gLfpwJ.
104. bjhy;bghUs; Muha;rr; papy; nuonah Inrhnlhg;gpd; gad; - nuonah
fhh;gd; Inrhnlhg;gf[ isg; gad;gLj;jp gH';fhy got';fs; ghiwfs;
nghd;wtw;wpd; taJ fzpf;f.
105. mqf;fU gpst[ - fdkhd jdpk';fspd; mqf;fspd; cl;fUf;fhd
epa{l;uhd;fisf; bfhz;L jhf;fp Fiwe;j mq vil bfhz;l cl;fUf;fshf
khw;Wk; epfH;t[ mqf;fU gpst[ vdg;gLk;.

24

106. mqf;fU gpst[ Kiw ciyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh. fy;ghf;fk;.
107. mqf;fU gpst[ fl;LgLj;jg;glhj nghJ mq Mw;wy; mqFz;lhf
bray;gLk;.
108. mqf;fU ,izt[ epfH;tpy; btspg;gLk; Mw;wy; xU J}a;ikahd Mw;wy;
MFk;. mqf;fUg;gpstpy; cs;sJ nghd;w nuonahf; fjph;tPrR; mghak;
,y;iy.
109. iQou$d; Fz;L mqf;fU ,izt[ jj;Jtj;jpy; ,a';FfpwJ.
110. mqFz;L (mqf;fU gpst[ Kiwapy;) <LgLk; xt;bthU mqf;fUt[fF
; k;
3 epa{l;uhd;fs; btsptUk; cl;fth;tjhYk; kw;Wk; ,Hg;gf[ shYk; ruhrhpahf
,uz;L epa{l;uhd;fs; kPjkhfp mLj;j tpidf;F jahuhfpd;wd. ,t;tpU
epa{l;uhd;fSk; a[nudpj;jpy; kPjKs;s cl;fUf;fSld;; nkhjp gy vz;zw;w
epa{l;uhd;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,J bjhlh; tpid vdg;gLfpwJ.
111. Mw;wy; ciyfs; - jhuhg;g{h; (kfhuh#;ouk;)/ uhzhgpujhg;rhfh; (uh$!;jhd;)
fy;ghf;fk;/ Tl';Fsk; (jkpH;ehL)/ iffh (fh;ehlfh)/ enuhuh (cj;jpugpunjrk;)
Mfpa ,l';fspy; g[jpjhf mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
α- fjph;tPrR;

β- fjph;tPrR;

γ- fjph;tPrR;

,it
neh;kpd;D}l;lk;
bfhz;l Jfs;fs;/ ,it
mqvz; 2k;/ epiw vz;
4k;
bfhz;l
QPypak;
mqtpd;
cl;fUf;fs;
MFk;.

,it
vjph;kpd;D}l;lk;
bfhz;l Jfs;fs; MFk;.
cz;ikapy;
mit
vyf;lu; hd;fns MFk;

,it fz;qW xspiag;
nghd;w kpd;fhe;j fjph;tPrR;
MFk;.
kpf
cah;ej;
CLUt[
jpwidg;
bgw;Ws;sd. 30 br.kP.
mstpyhd
jog;g[
bfhz;l v`F ,Uk;gpd;
tHpna Tl ,f;fjph;fs;
CLUt[fpd;wd.

25

ntjpapay;
cnyhf';fs;
1. Mh;rdpf;/
Mz;okzp/
blY}hpak;
nghd;w
jdpk';fs;
cnyhfg;
gz;gf[ isa[k/; mnyhfg; gz;gf[ isa[k; bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd. vdnt ,it
cnyhfg; nghypfs; vdg;bgah;.
2. ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; cnyhfk; my;yJ cnyhfr; nrh;k';fs; fye;Js;s
kz;zpw;F cnyhf kz; vd;W bgah;.
; hh;/
3. mYkpdpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; - ghf;irl;/ fpiunahiyl;/ bgy;!g
mYkpdpak; bgUkstpy; ghf;irl; jhJthff; fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
ghf;irl; jhJ nryj;jpy; bgUkstpy; fpilf;fpwJ.
cnyhf';fSf;Fk; mnyhf';fSf;Fk; cs;s ntWghL
cnyhf';fs;

mnyhf';fs;

1. kpd;dhw;gFj;jypd; nghJ vjph;kpd; 1. kpd;dhh; gFj;jypd; nghJ neh;kpd;
thapy; tpLgLfpd;wd.
thapy;
tpLgLfpd;wd.
(iQl;u$d;
kl;Lk; vjph;kpd; thapy; tpLgLfpwJ)
2.
cnyhf';fspd;
Mf;i!Lfs; 2.
mnyhf';fspd;
Mf;irLfs;
bghJthf fhuj;jd;ik bfhz;lit. v.fh. bghJthf mkpyj;jd;ik bfhz;lit.
Na2o, mgo.
v.fh. SO3 No2 Kjypad Mdhy;
H2O NO nghd;wit eLepiyj; jd;ik

bfhz;lit.
3. rhjhuz btg;gepiyapy; cnyhf';fs; Rhjhuz btg;g epiyapy; mnyhf';fs
;
jpz;k epiyapy; cs;sd. Mdhy; jpz;kk;/ ePhk
; k;/ tha[ vd;w \d;W
ghjurk; jput epiyapYs;s Xh; cnyhfk; epiyfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. cnyhf';fs; gsgsg;g[ cilait

mnyhf';fs; gsgsg;gw;wit (fpuhigl;/
mnahod; jtpu)

5. gp!;kj; jtpu kw;iwa cnyhf';fs; 5.

mnyhf';fs;

kpd;rhuj;ijf;

26

kpd;rhuj;ij
bfhz;lit.

ed;F

flj;Jk;

jd;ik flj;Jtjpy;iy
(Mdhy;
fpuhigl;
kpd;rhuj;ij ed;F flj;Jk; jd;ik
bfhz;lJ)

6. cnyhf';fisj; jflhf mof;fyhk;/ 6. mnyhf';fis jflhft[k; fk;gpahft[k;
fk;gpahf ePll
; yhk;
khw;w ,ayhJ.
7.
bts;sPaj;ijj;
jtpu
kw;w 7. g[wntw;Wik totg; gz;gf[ isg;
cnyhf';fs;
g[wntw;wik
toa bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd. v.fh. P.S. Mfpait.
g[wntw;Wik
totg;
gz;gf[ isg;
bgw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.
8.
cnyhf';fs;
bfhz;lit

neh;kpd;

jd;ik 8. bghJthf mnyhf';fs; vjph;kpd;
jd;ik bfhz;lit (iQl;u$d; jtpu)

cuj;bjhHpy;
1. iel;u$d; cu';fs; - ,it broapd; jz;Lfs;/ ,iyfspd; tsh;rr; pf;Fj

njitahd iel;u$d; rj;jpid mspf;fpd;wd. v.fh. 1. mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl;
(NH4 SO4) 2. mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; (NH4 NO3) 3. a{hpah (CO
(NH2)2)

2. gh!;ngl; cu';fs; - ,it tpijfs; Kisg;gjw;Fk;/ nth;fspd; cWjpf;Fk;
njitahd gh!;gu!; rj;jpid mspf;fpd;wd. 1. gh!;ngl; Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; 2.
Kk;ig Ng;gh; gh!;ngl;
3. bghl;lhrpa cu';fs; - ,it jhtu';fSf;F nehapid vjph;fF
; k; jpwidf;
bfhLf;Fk; bghl;lhrpa rj;jpid mspf;fpd;wd. (v.fh. 1. bghl;lhrpak;
FnshiuL (KCL) 2. bghl;lhrpak; ry;ngl; (K2 SO4)
4. N.P.K. fyg;g[ cu';fs; - fyg;g[ cu';fs; vd;gJ N.P.K. Mfpatw;wpy;
,uz;L my;yJ \d;W Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk;. Vdnt jdp
cu';fis tpl mjpfg; gaDs;sjhFk;.
5. ek; ehl;od; Kf;fpa cuj; bjhHpw;rhiyfs; k';f~h;/ e';fy;/ rpj;jphp/ nfhl;lh
Mfpa ,l';fspy; mike;Js;sd.

27

jPgb
; gl;oj; bjhHpy;
1. vy;.gp.$p. apd; ,iag[/ g;a{l;nld;/ g[nuhg;ngd;/ Inrhg;ga{l;nld;/ g;a{l;oypd;
2. ,z;nldpd; ,iag[ - g;a{l;nld;/ g[nuhg;ngd;
3. jPfF
; r;rp Kidapy; cs;s bghUl;fs; Mz;okdp ry;igL/ bghl;lhrpak;
Fnshnul;/ fe;jfk; Mfpait.
4. jPgb
; gl;oapd; gf;f';fs; rpfg;g[ gh!;gu!; fz;zhoj;J}s; tr;rPuk; ,tw;why;
Mfpait.
5. cu';fs; kz;zpd; Kf;fpa Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fshd iel;u$d;/ gh!;gu!;/
bghl;lhrpak; Mfpatw;iw mspf;fpd;wd.
6. njhw;wj;jpw;F xU jpd;kk; nghy fhl;rpaspf;Fk; fz;zho ntjpapay;
gz;gf[ spd; mog;gilapy; mjpf Fsph;a{l;lg;gl;l ghF epiy kpFe;j/ xU
ePhk
; k; MFk;.
7. fz;zhoapd; bghJ tha;gg
; hL – R2O, MO, SiO2
8. rhjhuzf; fz;zho jahhpg;gjw;Fj; njitahd \d;W bghUl;fs; kzy;/
ryit nrhlh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; Mfpait.
9. cUfpa epiyapYs;s fz;szhoa[ld; cnyhf Mf;irLfs; cnyhf cg;gf[ s;
my;yJ cnyhfj;Jfs;fs; nrh;ff; g;gLk;nghJ Fwpg;gpl;l epwKila
fz;zhofs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
10. ,e;jpahtpy; fz;zhoj; bjhHpw;rhiyfs; cs;s khepy';fs; - g";rhg;/
kfhuh#;ouk;/ jkpH;ehL/ nkw;F t';fhsk;.
11. irdh gP'fhd; - tPlL
; g;ghj;jpu';fs;/ kpd;fhg;gg
[ ; bghUl;fs;/ gP'f; hd;
bjhl;ofs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
12. rhjhuz nrhg;g[ jahhpf;fg;j; njitg;gLk; bghUl;fs; - 1. gpuhzpfspd;
bfhGg;g[ my;yJ jhtu vz;bza; 2. vhp nrhlhf;fiury;
3.
rhjhuz
cg;g[
13. gpuhzpfspd; bfhGg;g[ my;yJ jhtu vz;bza[ld; mlh; vhpnrhlhf;
fiuriyr; nrh;jJ
; r; NLgLj;Jk; nghJ/ ntjptpid epfH;eJ
;
nrhg;gk
[ /;
fpspruhYk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,t;tpid nrhg;ghjy; tpid vdg;gLk;.

28

14. fpspruhy; kUe;Jg; bghUl;fs;/ eWkzg;bghUl;fs;/ btokUe;Jfs;/ tz;zf;
FHk;gf[ s; Mfpatw;iwj; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpd;wJ.
15. epyf;fhp vd;gJ jhtu';fspy; ,Ue;J bgwg;gLk; fhh;gd; kpF bghUshFk;.
16. Fhw;wpy;yhr; NH;epiyapy; g{kpapDs; Vw;gLk; btg;g khw;w';fspdhy;
khw;wkile;J jhtug;bghUl;fs; epyf;fhpahfpd;wd.
17. gGg;g[ epyf;fhpapy; 70 rjtPjk; fhh;gd; cs;sJ. ,J rw;W g[ifa[ld;
vhpfpd;wJ.
18. g[ifkpF epyf;fhpapy; 80 rjtPjk; fhh;gd; cs;sJ. ,J mjpf g[ifa[ld;
vhpfpd;wJ.
19. mdy;kpF epyf;fhpapy; 90 rjtPjk; fhh;gd; cs;sJ. ,J g[ifaw;w epiyapy;
vhpfpd;wJ. mjpf btg;gj;ijf; bfhLf;fpd;wJ.
20. gPfhhpy; bghfhnuh/ nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; cs;s ,uhzpf";r; Mfpa ,l';fspy;
epyf;fhp Ru';f';fs; cs;sd. jkpH;ehl;oy; bea;ntypapy; gGg;g[ epyf;fhp
btl;obaLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
21. epyf;fhpiar; rpijj;J toj;J/ epyf;fhp tha[ jahhpf;Fk;nghJ mlh;tk
[ pF
fUikepw jputk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,jw;F epyf;fhp jhh; vd;W bgah;.
22. xU jputj;jpy; cs;s gy;ntW gFjpg; bghUs;fis mt;wwpd; bfhjpepiy
ntWghl;oidg; gad;gLj;jp/ bfhjpf;f itj;Jg; gpd;dh; mtw;wpd; Mtpiaf;
Fspuitj;Jg; gphpf;Fk; Kiwf;F gpd;df; fha;rr; p toj;jy; vd;W bgah;.
23. gd;bdL';fhykhf XLfs;/ br';fw;fs; jahhpf;Fk; gzpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd.
mjw;F gad;gLk; kz; tz;ly; kz; MFk;.
24. bghJthf gad;gLk; rpbkz;l; nghh;yz;l; rpbkz;l; vdg;gLk; rpbkz;l;
jahhpf;f \yg;bghUshd Rz;zhk;gf[ y; kw;Wk; fspkz; \d;Wf;f xd;W
tpfpjj;jpy; fyf;f ntz;Lk;.
25. rpbkz;l;
bfl;og;gLk;
ntfj;ij
Fiwf;f
rpbkz;Lld;
$pg;rk;
nrh;ff; g;gLfpwJ.
26. rpbkz;lL
; ld; ePhpidr; nrh;fF
; k; nghJ ePhpiz cwp";rp mGj;jj;ijj;
jh';fty;y fodj;jd;ika[ss
; bghUshf khWfpwJ. ,jw;F bfl;og;gLjy;
vdg;gLk;.
27. fz;zho vd;gJ gy;ntW cnyhf rpypnfl;Lfis cUf;fp bgwg;gLk; gof
cUtkw;w/ xsp CLUtf;Toa bghUshFk;.

29

ntjpj;bjhHpYk;/ Rw;Wr; NHYk;
28. khRg;gLjypd; tiffs; - fhw;W/ ePh/; kz; kw;Wk; rj;jk;.
29. khRg;gl;l fhw;wpid ePzl
; neuk; Rthrpg;gjhy; gy;ntW EiuaPuy; neha;fs;
tUtnjhL ekj cly;eyKk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
30. g[ifg;gth; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;wpy; fhh;gd; Jfs;fs;/ fhh;gd; nkhdhf;irL/
epnfhod; Mfpa khRfs; cs;sJ.
31. fhh;gd; il Mf;irL g{kpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; btg;gk; mjpfhpg;gjw;Ff;
fhuzkhft[ss
; J.
32. Ch;jpfspypUe;J btsptUk; g[ifapy; fhh;gd; nkhdhf;irL cs;sJ. fhh;gd;
nkhdhf;irL epwkw;w/ kdkw;w/ er;Rj;jd;ika[ss
; tha[.
33. fhh;gd; nkhdhf;irL ,uj;jj;jpYs;s QPnkhFnshgpDld; To ,uj;jj;jpd;
Mf;rp$d; Vw;Fk; Mw;wiyf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
34. ry;gh; il Mf;irL Rthrf; nfhshiw Vw;gLj;Jk;.
35. ry;gh; il Mf;irL kiHePhpy; fiue;J mkpy kiH bghHpa fhuzkhf
cs;sJ.
36. mkpy kiHapdhy; jhtu thH;fi
; f/ kPdf; s; kw;wk; ePht
; hH; caphpd';fSf;Fj;
jP'F
; Vw;gLfpwJ.
37. ry;gh; il Mf;irL gsp';F fw;fshy; Md epidt[r; rpd;d';fis/ Fwpg;ghf
jh$;kQhy; nghd;w gHk;bgUk; rpd;d';fis gGjilar; bra;fpd;wJ.
38. bgl;nuhy;/ Ory;/ vz;bza; nghd;wtw;iw vhpf;Fk; bghGJ iel;u$d;
Mf;irLfs; bgspaplg;gLfpd;wd.
39. kpd;dy; Vw;gLk;nghJ cz;lhFk; kpd;rhuj;jpdhYk;/ iel;u$d; Mf;irLfs;
cUthFk;.
40. Mf;irLfs; kiH ePhpy; fiue;J/ ePhj; j; iel;hpf; mkpyk; cUthfp mkpy
kiH cUthf VJthfpwJ. rpy neu';fspy; iel;u$d; Mf;irLfs; fz;fspy;
vhpr;riy cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.

30

ePh; khRgLjy;
41. itu!;/ ghf;Ohpah kw;Wk; g[nuhl;nlhnrhth Mfpatw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk;
neha;fs;/ caphpay; khRfspdhy; Vw;gLtnjhL/ Fzg;gLj;jf;Toa ePzl
;
ehs; neha;fSk;/ Fzg;gLj;j ,ayhj fLikahd neha;fSk; cUthfpd;wd.
42. rhf;filf; fHpt[ ePh; flypy; brd;W fyg;gjhy; ngust[ fly; ePh;
khRg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; kPd; kw;Wk; fly;thH; caphpd';fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thW ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shd kPdf; is rhg;gpLtjhy; ehKk;
Rw;Wg;gw[ r; NHy; khRf; nfl;ow;F ,iuahf nehpLk;.
43. FoePhpy; rpy rka';fspy; mjpf mst[ `g;SiuL ,Uf;f nehpLk;. ,it
g;Surp vDk; nehapid cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,it gw;fs; kPJ k";rs; epwf;
fiwapid cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
44. njhy; gjdpLk; bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J btsptUk; fHpt[ePhpy; mjpf
mst[ FnuhkpaKk; kw;w ntjpg; bghUl;fSk; cs;sd.

jhtutpay;
itu!;fs;
• itu!; vd;w yj;jPd; brhy;Yf;F e";R vd;W bghUs;.
• kdpjh;fSf;F rspj;bjhy;iy/ rpw;wk;ik/ g[S fha;rr; y; jhtu';fSf;F ,iyr;
RUs; neha;fs; tUtjw;F fhuzk; - itu!; MFk;.
• itu!;fs; capUs;s bry;fspy; kl;Lnk thH;eJ
; ,dg;bgUf;fk; bra;fpd;wd.
• ghf;ohpa';fisj; jhf;fp mHpf;Fk; itu!;fs; ghf;lh; pahng$;fs; MFk; (cjhuzk;
- ghf;ohpah`ng$; T4)
• 1892k; Mz;oy; okpl;hp Itndht!;fp vd;w u#;ah; itu!; ,Ug;gij
ep+gpj;jhh;.
• 1935k; Mz;L W.M. !;lhd;yp g[ifapiy gy;tz;z neha; itu!;fis
(TMV) gofg;gLj;jpf; fhl;odhh;.

31

• nghypnah/ rpd;dik/ k";rs; fhkhiy/ ePhf; ;nfhit/ nugp!;/ \isf;fha;rr; y;/
,d;gS
[ ad;rh/ bghd;Df;F tP'f; p/ jl;lk;ik nghd;w neha;fs; itu!;fshy;
njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• jhtu iturpy; epa{f;spf; mkpyk; bgUk;ghYk; Mh;.vd;.V. tifiar; rhh;ej; J.
• itu!;fisg;gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; mwptpay; ituhy$p MFk;.
• ghf;Ohpahf;fs; kpfr;rpwpa xU bry; caphp.
• ,it vy;yh ,l';fspYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLk;/ ,it kz;/ ePh/; fhw;W/
czt[gb
; ghUl;fs;/ mGFk; m';ff/ md';ffg; bghUl;fspy; tputpatz;zkhf
cs;sd. ghf;Ohpahf;fs; ,y;yhj ,lnk ,y;iy vdyhk;.
• 1975Mk; Mz;L lr;R ehl;ilr; nrh;ej; md;ld; thd; y;a{btd;Qhf; vd;w
mwptpayhh; ,jid Kjy; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
• My;fhf;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;Jf;bfhs;Sk; Jiw `igf;fhy$p my;yJ My;fhy$p
vdg;gLk;.
• !;ignuhifuh (ghrp) ‘ePhg
; g
; l;L’ vdg;gLfpwJ – ePhpd; bjhlh;ej; miytpdhy;
ePzl
; ,iHfs; rpW rpW Jz;Lfshf Jz;of;fg;gLfpd;wd. xt;bthU Jz;Lk;
g[jpa jhtuj;ijj; njhw;Wtpf;ff;ToaJ. ,Jnt cly; ,dg;bgUf;fk; MFk;.
• nghh;`iguh
vd;w
My;fhtpid
$g;ghdpah;fs;
czt[gb
; ghUshf
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. My;$pdpd;/ mfh;mfh; nghd;w bghUs;fs; My;fhf;fspy;
,Ue;Jjhd; bgwg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw I!;fphPkf; Sf;F Rita{l;lt[k;/ eWkzk;
Cl;lt[k; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;.
• My;fht[k; g{";ira[k; nrh;eJ
;
iyf;fd; vd;w xU Tl;L thH;jhtuj;ijj;
njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. ,it rikaYf;F eSkzg;bghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
• mf;khh;f; - jukhd rpwe;j ntshz;ik/ njhl;lg;gaph;fis cUthf;Fk; fiy
mf;khh;f; my;yJ cah; ntshz; juk; vdg;gLk;.

32

My;fhf;fs;
1. jhnyh`igl;lh ,U gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit 1. My;fhf;fs;
2. g{";irfs;
2. jhnyh`igl;lhtpy; iryk;/ `g;nshak; jpRf;fisf; bfhz;l th!;Fyhh;
mikg;g[ ,y;iy.
3. My;fhf;fspy; gr;irak; vd;Wk; epwkp cs;sJ.
4. Fsk;/ Vhpfs; nkw;gug;gpy; gr;ir epwkhf ,Ug;gjw;F fhuzk; ePhpDs; tsUk;
My;fhf;fs; MFk;.
5. fpshkplhnkhd!; xU bry; My;fhthFk;.
6. fpshkpnlhnkhd!; fHpt[ ePiur; Rj;jk; bra;a cjt[fpwJ.
7. Fnshbuy;yh vd;w ghrpapypUe;J Fnshbuy;ypd; vd;w caphp vjph;gg
; hd;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. ,jpy; fhuh vd;fpw xUtif Fjpiuthy; ePhg
; hrpa[k; xd;W.

g{";irfs;
1. g{";irfs; gr;irakw;w jhtu';fs;/ gy bry;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l jhtuk;
a{nfhpahl;of; bry;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
2. jk; czit jhnk jahhpf;Fk; rf;jp mw;wit. Jk; czit mGfp/ ,we;j
m';ffg; bghUs;fspy; ,Ue;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd.
3. rpy g{";irapd';fs; bghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhz;lit. eha;fF
; il/
buhl;of;fhshd;/ fhshd; u!;l/; !;kl; Mfpa jhtu';fs; g{";irapdj;ij
nrh;ej; J.
4. g{";irapdj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthf mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; Jiwf;F ikf;fhy$p
vd;Wbgah;.
5. kpa{f;fh; (g{";ir) bghJthf buhl;of; fhshd; (m) fUg;g[ff; hshd; vd;W
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6. mfhhpf!; xU kl;Fz;zpg; g{";irahFk;. ,J czthf gad;gLfpwJ.

33

7. mbyf;!hz;lh; gpbskp'; vd;Dk; mwptpay; mwp"h; bgd;rpypd; vd;w
mw;gj[ mUe;ij ,g;g{";irapypUe;J fz;lwpe;jhh;.
8. bgd;rpypd; kUe;J bgd;rpypak; behl;nll;lk;/ bgd;rpypak; fpiunrh$Pdk;
vdg;gLk; g{";irfspy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. bgd;rpypaj;jpd; cly; gFjp ikrPypak; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;
clyg;gFjp fpisj;j iQghf;fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk;.

jhtu';fspd; mikg;
mikg;g[
1. vy;yhj; jhtu';fSk; bry; vd;w mog;gil myfhy; MdJ.
2. bry;ypd; totk;/ mikg;g[ Mfpatw;iwf; Tl;L Ez;nehf;fpapd; \yk;
fz;lwpayhk;.
3. bry;ypd; cs;ns mike;Js;s bry; m';f';fisg; kpd;dq Ez;nehf;fpapd;
\yk; mwpe;J bfhs;sKoa[k;
4. jhtu bry;fs; midj;Jk; bry; Rtuhy; NHg;bgw;wpUf;Fk;.
5. bry; Rtiu xl;odhw;nghy; gpsh!;kh rt;t[ my;yJ glyk; mike;Js;sJ.
6. bry;ypd; cs;ns irl;nlhgpshrk; jput mikg;gpy; cs;sJ.
7. ,e;j irl;nlhgpshrj;jpy; cl;fU/ vz;nlh gpshr
tiygpd;dy;/
ikl;nlhfhz;ohpah/ fzpf';fs;/ nfhy;$p mikg;gf[ s;/ hpnghnrhk;fs;/
iynrhnrhk;fs; nghd;w m';f';fs; tputpa tz;zkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

bry;ypd; cl;fU
1. bry;ypd; cl;fU epa{f;spa!; vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. cl;fU epa{f;spah; rt;t/[ epa{f;spnah gpshrk;/ Fnuhkhl;od; tiy kw;Wk;
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l epa{f;spnahy!; bgw;Wf; fhzg;gLk;.
3. vz;nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; irl;nlhgpshrj;jpy; tiyg;gpd;dy; totpy;
mike;Js;sJ.

34

ikl;nlhfhz;ohpahtpd; ntiyfs;
- ikl;nlhfhz;ohpah/ bry;fspd; rf;jp epiyak; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
nfhy;$p m';f';fs;
- ,J of;onahnrhk;fs;
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

my;yJ

nfhy;$p

cly';fs;

vd;Wk;

nfhy;$papd; ntiyfs;
- ,J ghyprhf;fiuLfs;/ fpisnfh g[uj';fs; Rug;gjpnya[k; gpsh!;kh
rt;t[ njhw;wtpg;gjpnya[k; g';F bfhs;fpwJ.
fzpf';fs;
- ,U tifahFk;. mit 1. btsph; fzpfk;

2. tz;zf; fzpfk;

btsph; fzpfk;
- ,it tz;zkw;wf; fzpf';fs;
- bgUk;ghYk; nrkpf;Fk; ntiyiar; bra;fpwJ.
- ypg;gpl; vz;bza; bghUs;fisr; nrkpf;Fk; fzpfk; vz;bza;f;
fzpfk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
- g[ujj;ijr; nrkpf;Fk; fzpfk; g[ujf;fzpfk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tz;zf; fzpfk;
- gr;ir epw tz;zj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk; fzpf';fs; gR';fzpfk; my;yJ
Fnshnuhgpsh!;l; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

35

gR';fzpfj;jpd; ntiyfs;
- gR';fzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Fthz;nlhnrhk;fs; xsp ntjpapay;
tpidfspy; g';F bfhs;fpd;wd. ,r;rf;jpapd; cjtpnahL jhtu';fs;
xspr;nrh;fi
; fapd; nghJ fhh;gd;il Mf;irL kw;Wk; ePiu
vLj;Jf;bfhz;L fhh;ngh iQl;nul; kw;Wk; !;lhh;r; bghUs;fisj;
jahhpf;fpd;wd. mg;nghJ Mf;rp$id btsptpLfpd;wd.
• neh;Kf gFg;g[ - ,J cl;fU gphpjyhFk;. ,t;tif gFg;g[ xU bry;
caphpd';fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. v.fh. g[nuhl;nlhnrhtd;fs;
• ikl;lhrp!; gFg;g[ cly; bry;fspy; eilbgWfpwJ.
• ed;F tsh;rr; paile;j ,U ika Fnuhnkhnrhk;fis cila bry;fspy; kl;Lnk
Fd;wy; gFg;g[ eilbgWfpwJ.
• fphpnfhh; n$hfd; bkz;ly; vd;gth; kugpaypd; je;ij vdg;gLfpwhh;.
• bkd;lypd; xU gz;g[ fyg;g[ tpfpjk; 3 : 1
• bkz;lypd; ,Ugz;g[ fyg;g[ tpfpjk; 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
• uhgh;l; QPf; jhtu bry;ypid Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jth;.
• rpiyld;/ #Pthd; Mfpnahh; bry; bfhs;ifia btspapl;ldh;.
• cl;fUtpy; o.vd;.V. vd;w kug[g; bghUs; cs;sJ.
• Tl;L Ez;nzhf;fpapd; \yk; 1 kp.kP. mst[ss
; bghUis 10/000 kl';Ff;s
bghpjhf cUbgUf;fpf; fhzKoa[k.;
• kpz;zq Ez;nzhf;fpapd; \yk; 1 kp.kP mst[ss
; bghUis 1000 x 1000
kl';Ffs; bghpjhf;fpg; ghh;ff;
Koa[k.;
Ez;nzhf;fpapd; \yk; fhz Koa[k.;

vdnt

itu!;fis

kpd;dq

• ikf;uhd; vd;gJ kpfr;rpwpa myF MFk;. bry;fs; ikf;uhd; vd;w myfhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. (1 ikf;uhd;; = 1/1000kp.kP. 1 kp.kP = 1000 ikf;uhd;.

36

tpy';fpay;
• xU bry; caph;fs; - mkPgh/ gunkrpak;/ a{f;spdh/ gpsh!;nkhoak;
• Jiza[lypfs; - irf;fhd;
• FHpa[lypfs; - iQl;uh/ Mnuypah
• jl;ilg;gG
[ f;fs; - ehlhg;gG
[ f;fs;/ Odpah
• tisjirg;gG
[ f;fs; - bkfh!;nfhyf;!;/ ePhp!;
• fqf;fhypfs; - ghypankhd;/ bghpg;sndl;lh
• bky;Ylypfs; - igyh/ yhbky;ypld;!;
• Kl;njhypfs; - M!;Ohpah!;
• jiyKJF ehqilait – Mk;gpahf;r!;
• miuKJF ehqilait – gyndhfpshr!;
• thy;KJF ehqilait – mrpoah
• KJbfYk;gi
[ lait – vyp
ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah
- bgUk;ghYk; ,it nth;ff; liy mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- ikl;nlhfhz;Oahtpd;
bky;ypa
,U
Rth;fSk;
g[nuhl;Od;fshyhdit. Cl;gw[ k; KGtJk; Xh; ,ilaPl;Lg;
bghUshy; epuk;gpa[ss
; J. cl;Rth; gy ePlr; pfisa[k/; gpJf;f';fisa[k;
bfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it fhp!;nl vdg;gLfpd;wd.
- ,d;wpaikahj gzp bry; Rthrk; MFk;.
cl;fU (m) epa{f;spa!;
- xU bry;ypd; caph;ikak; vd;Wk;
- ,jd; btsp vy;iy cl;fUg;glyk; my;yJ epa{f;spah; rt;t[ vd;Wk;

37

- ,jd; ,ilaPlL
; g;bghUs; cl;fUr;rhW (m) fhhpnahypk;g; MFk;.
- mjDs;ns Fnuhkhl;od; tiy bghjpe;Js;sJ.

Fnuhnkhnrhk;fs;
- bry;gphpjypd; nghJ Fnuhkhl;od; tiy ed;whfr; RUf;fk; mile;J
Fnuhnkhnrhk;fs; Mfpd;wd.
- kdpjdpy; 23 ,iz fnuhnkhnrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- ,itfspy; 22 ,izfis cly;Fnuhnkhnrhk;fs; vd;Wk;/ Xh;
,isiag;ghy; (m) ,df;Fnuhnkhnrhk;fs; tifg;gLj;Jfpnwhk;.
irl;nlhgpshrj;jpd; gzpfs;
1. bry; gphpjypy; <LgLfpwJ.
2. kugpay; bghUs;fis flj;JfpwJ.
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

bry;ypd;

midj;J

bray;fisa[k;

• caphpfspd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; bray; myF bry; MFk;.
,uj;jj;jpd; gzpfs;
-

clypd; vy;yh ghfj;jpYk; czit mspf;fpwJ.
jpRf;fSf;F Mf;rp$id vLj;J bry;fpwJ.
jpRf;fspypUe;J fhh;gd; il Mf;i!il btspnaw;WfpwJ.
cliy nehapypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
ehskpy;yh Rug;gpf;s Rug;gij Qhh;nkhd;fSf;F vLj;J bry;fpwJ.
cly; btg;gepiyia rPuhf itf;fpwJ.

38

czt[k; Cl;lr;rj;Jk;
czt[g; gz;l';fspd; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis MW tifg;gLj;jyk;. 1.fhh;ngh
iQl;nul;Lfs; 2. bfhGg;gf[ s; 3. g[nuhl;Od;fs; 4. jhJ cg;gf[ f; s; 5. tpl;lkpd;fs;
6. jz;zPh.; ,tw;Ws; g[nuhl;ODk;/ bfhGg;gk
[ /; fhh;ngh iQl;nul;Lk; bgUk;
Cl;lr;rj;Jfs;
g[nuhl;Od; kdpj bry;fspd; Kjd;ikahd Mf;ff;TwhFk;. jirfspYk;/
jpRf;fspYk; ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpYk; ml';fpa[ss
; kpfKf;fpakhd rj;J ,J. czitr;
brhpf;fitf;Fk; behjpfs;/ bjhw;Wneha;j; jLg;g[ vjph; bghUl;fs; midj;Jk; ,e;jg;
g[uj \yf;TWfns.
g[ujj;jpd; Cl;l kjpg;g[ mjpy; ml';fpapUf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahj mkPndh
mkpy';fisg; bghWj;jJ. jpRg;gu[ jk; xU fl;llk; vd;why; ,e;j mkPndh
mkpy';fs; br';fw;fs; khjph. czthFk; g[ujj;jpy; Rkhh; 20 mkPndh mkpy';fns
cs;sd. mtw;wpy; 10 mkPndh mkpy';fis ek; clny/ cs;Sf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
mkPndh mkpy';fs; my;yJ g[ujkw;w bghUl;fspypUe;J cUthf;fpf; bfhs;fpwJ.
,ju 10 mkPndh mkpy';fsij; jhk; ehk; cz;qk; cztpypUe;J bgw
ntz;oa[ss
; J. ,e;j 10 mkPndh mkpy';fisna ,d;wpaikahj mkPndh
mkpy';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
g[ujj;ijg;nghynt bfhGg;gr[ ; rj;Jk; cztpy; Kf;fpakhf ,lk;bgw
ntz;Lk;. clYf;Fr; brwpt{l;Lk; vhpbghUs; ,J. jhtu vz;bzapy;/ clYf;F
,d;wpaikahj ypndhyPf; ; muhf;fp blhdpf; mkpy';fs; kpFe;Js;sd.
,uj;j
Xl;lj;jpy;
fye;Js;s
bfhGg;gf[ spy;
oiufpspriuLfs;
gh!;nghypgpl;Lfs; nghd;w gytif cz;L. ,tw;wpd; mst[k; juKk; ,uj;jj;jpy;
cs;s “bfhGg;g” mk;rj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. Fliy vz;bza;/ ey;byz;bza;/
Nhpafhe;jp vz;bza; nghd;wtw;wpy; g{hpjkilahj gd;TW bfhGg;g[ mkpy';fns
fye;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;why; ,uj;jj;jpy; bfhy!;lu; hy; mst[ mjpfhpf;fhJ. Mnj

39

ntisapy; nj';fha; vz;bza;/ btz;bza;/ bea;/ td!;gjp nghd;w iQl;u$d;
brw;eJ g{hpjkh bfhGg;g[ mkpy';fisf; bfhz;l jhtu vz;bza;fshy; bfhGg;g[
TLjyhfp cly; eyk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
fhh;nghiQl;nul;Lfspy;
!;lhh;r;
kht[g;
bghUSk;/
rh;f;fiua[k;
ml';fpa[ss
; J. jhdpa tiffspy; fhh;nghiQl;nul;Lr; rh;ff; iu mjpfk; cz;zJ.
cly; rf;jpf;Fj; njitahd Kf;fpa czt[ fhh;nghiQl;nul;Lfs; MFk;. Kypthff;
fpilg;gjhnyh vd;dnth ,e;j czt[ ,e;jpa czt[g; gHf;fj;jpy; bgUk;g';F
tfpf;fpd;wJ.
rhptpfpj czt[ vdg;gLtJ cly; typikf;Fk;/ tsh;rr; pf;Fk;/ eyDf;Fk;
njitahd vy;yh Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fSk; nghjpa tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;s czt[ MFk;.
fPHf; f; hqk; ml;ltizapy; xU ruhrhp ,e;jpaDf;Fj; njitg;gLk; rhptpfpj
cztpd; mst[fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
tpl;lkpd;fspy; bfhGg;gpy; fiutdt[k/; ePhpw;fiutdt[k; vd ,Utif
cz;L. itl;lkpd;-V/o/,/nf Mfpad bfhGg;gpYk;/ tpl;lkpd;-gp-1/ gp-2 cl;gl gptpl;lkpd;fs; jz;zPhpYk; fiuaf; Toad.
clypd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;F cWJiz g[hptd ,e;j tpl;lkpd;fs;. ,it
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l g[uj';fSld; ,ize;J clypd; fhh;ngh iQl;nul;Lfs;/
g[nuhl;Od;fs; kw;Wk; bfhGg;gf[ is Mf;rp$ndw;wp behjpf;fpd;wd. mjd; tpisthf
Mw;wYk;/ fhpakpy tha[tl
[ d; ePUk; btspahfpd;wd.
kdpj vilapy; Rkhh; 4 tpLf;fhL jhJ cg;g[ff; ns ml';fpa[ss
; d. ,e;jj;
jhJj; jdpk';fspy; Kf;fhy; ghfk; fhy;rpaKk; (Rz;zhk;gr[ r; j;J) gh!;guKnk. ,it
jtpu bghl;lhrpak;/ fe;jfk;/ nrhoak;/ Fnshhpd;/ kf;dPrpak; Mfpa Ie;J ju
\yf';fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Mstpy; kpff; Fiwthdjhy; ,tw;iw ,k;kpj;
jdpk';fs; vd;nwh “Ez;zst[ Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fs;” vd;nwh miHg;gh;.

40

cztpy; mog;gil g';F tfpg;gJ ePhr; r; j;J MFk;. xU Mnuhf;fpakhd
kdpjdpd; cly; Rkhh; 45 ypl;lh;fs; (cly; vilapy; 70 rjtPjk;) ePh; ml';fp
,Uf;fpwj. bry;fspy; 30
ypl;lh;fSk;/ ,uj;j epzePhpy; 3 ypl;lh;fSk; (bry;fs; kpjf;fpd;w epzePUld; Toa
,uj;jk; ek; clypy; Rkhh; 5 ypl;lh;fs;) Mf 33 ypl;lh;fs; nghf v";rpa 12 ypl;lh;
jz;zPh; jpRf;fpsd; bry; Tl;l';fspd; ,ilbtspapy; epuk;gpa[ss
; J. ,e;jj; jpR
ePhk
; j;jpy; jhd; bry;fs; \H;rp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
czt[r;
brhpkhdj;jpw;Fk; cl;fpufpg;gpw;Fk; jz;zPh; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
Czt[g; bghUl;fisf; fiuj;J/ rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; mhpanjhh; fiug;ghd; ,J.
clypDs; ntjp tpidfs; midj;Jk;/ ,e;j ePhpy;jhd; eilbgWfpd;wd.
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis clypy; vy;yh ghf';fSf;Fk; vLj;Jr; bry;Yk; thfdk; ,J.
cly; btg;g epiyiar; rPuhff; fhf;ft[k/; clw;fHpt[fis btspf;bfhzut[k; jz;zPh;
,d;wpaikahjJ. fz;zPh/; tpah;it/ rpWePh/; kyk; midj;ija[k; jz;zPnu
btspnaw;WfpwJ. \l;Lf;fspd; cuha;itf; Fiwf;Fk; cuha;t[gb
; ghUs; Tl
jz;zPhj; hd;.
,uj;jj;jpd; mkpyg;bgUf;fk; fhug;bgUf;fk;/ ePht
; w;Wjy;/ ePht
; Pff; k;/ fha;rr; y;/
mjph;rr; p/ ,uj;ja{hpahg; bgUf;fk; nghd;wit clypd; ePhr; r; j;J/ cg;gr[ ; rj;Jf;fspd;
gw;whf;Fiwia czh;jJ
; k; mwpFwpfs;.
mhprp/ nfhJik/ nrhsk;/ fk;g[ nghd;w jhdpa';fspy; fhh;nghiQl;nuhl;Lfs;
mjpfk; c;ssd.
jhdpa tiffspy; jhJcg;gf[ f; s; Fiwnt. mjpYk; mhprpapy; kpff;Fiwt[.
Mapd; nfH;tufpy; Rz;zhk;gj[ ; jhJ cg;gk
[ ;/ jpidapy; ,Uk;gr[ r; j;Jk;/ jhdpa';fspy;
gp-tpl;lkpd;fSk; brwpe;jpUf;Fk;. Mhprpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; c;ss ijkpd; vDk;
tpl;lkpd;/ miuf;Fk; nghJ fise;JnghfpwJ. Mdhy; ntf itj;j bey;ypypUe;J
mhprpiag; gphpj;bjLg;gjpy; ,r;rj;J ,Hf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mjdhy; iff;Fj;jy;
mhprpiatpl g[G';fs; mhprpna Cl;lr;rj;J kpf;fJ.

41

gUg;g[ my;yJ gaW tiffspy; g[ujk; TLjy;. ,jpy; iyrpd; vDk;
mkPndh mkpyk; brwpe;Js;sJ. vdpDk; kPjj; pnahdpd; vd;fpw ,d;wpaikahj
mkPndh mkpyk; Fd;wp ,Ug;gjhy; gUg;gpd; g[ujj;jpd; caphpay; kjpg;g[
Fiwt[jhd;.
fPiu
,d';fspy;
Rz;zhk;g/[
,Uk;gr[ ;
rj;Jf;fSld;/
fnuhl;Od;/
hpngh`gpstpd; `nghypf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; tpl;lkpd; rp nghd;w Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs;
Vuhskhf cs;sd.
fpH';F tiffspy; fhh;nghiQl;nul;Lf;s kpFe;Js;sd. fhul;L nghd;w
nth;f; fpH';Ffspy; tpl;lkpd;-V a[k;/ cUisf;fpH';F nghd;wtw;wpy; tpl;lkpd;-rp
a[k/; kuts;spf;fpH';F Kjyhd nth;ff; pH';Ffspy; Rz;zhk;gr[ ; rj;Jk; mjpfk;.
bfhl;ilfSk; vz;bza; tpj;Jf;fSk;/ bfhGg;gr[ r; j;J epiwe;jit. ,tw;wpy;
g[ujKk; jhJcg;gf[ f; Snk kpFjp. Epyf;fliy/ Ke;jphpg; gUg;g[ nghd;wd. ,t;tif
czt[fF
; r; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;.
bey;ypf;fdp/ bfha;ah/ vYkpr;ir Kjyhd fdp tiffspy; tpl;lkpd;-rp a[k/;
khk;gHk;/ gg;ghsp ,tw;wpy; tpl;lkpd-V a[k/; cyh;ej;
nghPrr; k; gHj;jpy;
,Uk;gr[ r; j;Jk; Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpd;wd.
kPd; kw;Wk; fly;jU czt[fspy; g[ujk;/ gp-tpl;lkpd;fs;/ Rz;zhk;gj[ ;
jhJcg;gf[ s; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Khkpr czt[fspy; g[ujK;/ gp-tpl;lkpd;fSk;
Fwpg;ghf gp-12 ck; ml';fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. tpl;lkpd;-V ,y;iy. vdpDk; fy;yPuy;
,jw;F tpjptpyf;F.
Kl;ilapy; tpl;lkpd;-rp jtpu Vida vy;yh Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fSk; nrkpj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jukhd g[ujr;rj;J kpf;f Cl;lczt[ ,J. tpl;lkpd;-rp/
,Uk;gr[ r; j;J jtpu ,ju midj;J Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fSk; brwpe;j ey;Yzt[ ghy; MFk;.

42

czt[ Cl;Lfpd;w Mw;wiy “fnyhhpfs;” vd;fpw btg;g myfpnyna
mstpLth;. Clypaypy; mjd; Mapuk; kl';fpid “fpnyh fnyhhp” vd;w
ngustpdhy; Fwpg;gpLtJ tHf;fk;. xUfpnyh fnyhhpahtJ xU fpnyhfpuhk;
jz;zPiu xU ofphp bry;rpa!; btg;gepiy mstpw;F cah;j;j cjt[k; btg;gnk
MFk;. xU fpuhk; g[ujk; my;yJ fhh;nghiQl;nul;L Cl;Lk; Mw;wy; 4 fnyhhpfs;.
xUfpuhk; bfhGg;g[ 9 fnyhhp btg;gKk;/ mnj mst[ My;fQhy; 7 fnyhhp
Mw;wYk; jUk;.

rhptpfpj czt[ff; yit
czt[gb
; ghUl;fs;

mst[ (fpuhk;
(fpuhk;)

fpilf;Fk; Mw;wy; g[uj mst[ (fpuhk;
(fnyhhp)

irtk;

mirt
k;

irtk;

mirtk; irtk;

mirtk;

jhdpa';fs;

325

325

1150

1150

29

29

gUg;gk
[ ; fliya[k;

100

50

320

160

22

11

ghy; (kp.yp)

200

100

235

117

8

4

fpH';F tiffs;

150

150

145

145

2

2

ntW fha;fs;

100

100

50

50

3

3

fPiufs;

100

100

50

50

3

3

gH';fs;

100

100

80

80

Kl;il
,iwr;rp/ kPd;

50

85

6

100

195

18

bfhGg;g[

50

50

450

450

rh;ff; iu/ fUg;gl;o

30

30

120

120

bkhj;jk;
76

2600

2602

67

43

tpl;lkpd;fs;
bgah;

gad;

Fiwthy;
neha;

Vw;gLk; tpl;lkpd;fs; cs;s
czt[gb
; ghUl;fs;

1. tpl;lkpd;-V

ey;y fz;ghh;it/ fz;neha;
njhy;tsh;rr; p/ neha;
vjph;gg
; j[ ; jpwd;

gr;irf;fha;fs;
kw;Wk; fPiu kPd;
vz;bza;

2. tpl;lkpd;-gp1

Mnuhf;fpakhd
euk;g[
mikg;g[/
\is tsh;rr; p grp
czh;t[

gUg;g[
tiffs;/
nful;/
vs;/
nth;ff; liy/ <!;L/
Kl;il/
ghy;/
,iwr;rp

3. tpl;lkpd;-gp2

bry; kw;Wk; jpR fz;rpfg;g/[
tsh;rr; p bfhGg;g[ tha;gg
; z
[ ;
kw;Wk;
mkpndh
mkpy';fis
vhpj;J
rf;jpahf
khw;w

gUg;gf[ s;/
gr;ir
,iyf;fha;fs;/ ghy;/
Kl;il/
<uy;
,iwr;rp

4. tpl;lkpd;-gp6

Mkpndh
mkpy';fspy;
,Ue;J
fhh;nghiQl;nul;i
l btspnaw;Wjy;

gUg;g[ kw;Wk; fPiu
tiffs;/ <uy;

5. tpl;lkpd; gp12

,uj;jnrhif jLg;g[ mdPkpah

6. tpl;lkpd;-rp

gy;cWjp/
,uj;j !;fhh;tp (gy;neha;) rpl;u!;
gH';fs;/
xGf;F vjph;gg
; [
jLg;g/[ kyr;rpf;fy;/ (bey;yp vYkpr;ir)/
nrhh;t[
gr;ir ey;y kpsF/
gr;irf;fha; kw;Wk;
fPiutiffs;/
gUg;gt
[ iffs;

euk;gj[ ;
jsh;rr; p/
bghpbghp
neha;/
\istsh;rr; p
Fd;wy;

fz;ghh;it Fiwt[

,iwr;rp/
ghy;/
Kl;il/ kPd/; <uy;

44

7. tpl;lkpd;-o

gy; kw;Wk; vYk;g[ vYk;gU
[ f;fp neha;
tsh;rr; papd;ik

<uy;/ btz;bza;/
bfhGg;gk
[ pf;f kPd/;
Kl;il/ ghy;

8. tpl;lkpd;-,

,uj;jnrhif/
,Ujaneha;
Fiwg;g/[
tsh;rr; p

<uy;/
fpl;dp/
btz;bza;/
Kl;il k";rs;fU/
gr;ir fha; kw;Wk;
fPiu
tiffs;/
jhtu vz;bza;

9. tpl;lkpd; - nf

10.
mkpyk;

jir

,uj;j
nrhif ,uj;jnghf;F
epWj;JfpwJ
mdpkPah

`nghypf; ,uj;j
rptg;gqf;fs;
tsh;rr; pf;F

11. epah!pd;

Mz;ikf;Fiwt[/
Fiwg;gpurtk;

g[nuhl;Od;/
bfhGg;g[
Mfpatw;iw
vhpj;J
rf;jpahfkhw;w/
neha; vjph;gg
; [

nrhahgPd;
vz;bza;/
fPiu
nrhsk;/
gH';fs;/
ghy;

uj;jnrhif/
Mz;ikf; Fiwt[

<uy;/
fPiufs;

Kl;il/

njhy;btog;g/[
kdneha;

gUg;g[
tiffs;/
,iwr;rp/
kPd/;
Kl;il/ nrhsk;