SOCIAL
CIVICS

SCIENCE

Standard
Six Term I
1. FAMILY AND SOCIETY

Family:
A group of relatives
living
in one house and sharing
the food cooked under the
same roof is called
family.
family
consists
of father,
mother and a child,
while other
families
consists
of father,
mother, grand parents
and close relatives.
Family is the basic unit of the society.
Nuclear family
consists
of parents
and
children.
Joint
family
consists
of parents,
children,
grand parents
and close
relatives.
Happy family
leads to healthy
and good life.
when many joint
families
live
together
they form community.
when many communities
live
together,
it is called
society.
Community: A community consists
of a group of people who live
together
for the common
well being and purpose.
They frame their
rights
and duties.
In one society
many
communities
may co-exist.
Unity,
duty,
right,
participation,
security,
development
are
the very soul of the community.
Our relatives,
neighbours,
classmates
and playmates
coexist
as ina community.

Society:

when various

groups (communities)

depend on each other

is called
a society.
An individual
cannot live
in isolation.
for food, shelter,
education,
etc.
Our society
enlarges
from street,
ward, town, taluk,
district,
workers,
manufacturers
and employees throughout
the country
properties
and society
paves the
we need to learn living
way forajoyful
life.
and

share

the

work.

we need

to

Living

in one house and sharing

cooked

under

same

roof

is

we
rights

meals
called

family.

Analyse

the

following

and differentiate-

Production,

work and

service to promote ones well being. (Educational institutions,
books, equipments, travel,
shirt,
sugar,dha|,
computer, jewellery,
provisions,

medicines,

milk,

meatand police)

S.No.

Production

work

chairs,

tea,

coffee,

Service

154

155
Social

2.

Science

SOCIETY

AND SCHOOL

The Society
works for the
peaceful
existence
of communities.
The society
try to fulfill
the aspirations
and aims of the individuals
by laying

thread,

fruits,

together

it

depend others

state and country.
The
form part of the society.

together

understand
the feelings
of others.
need to voice our opinion
for the

the

and live

He has to

vegetables,

down certain
guidelines,
such as
economic progress,
improving
the
opportunities
and facilities,
provisions
for healthy
life,
security,
hygiene and
nutritious
food, drinking
water and fair
distribution.
Education

is

an investment

which paves way for the social
and
economic development
of society.
Therefore
in the early
days schools
were conducted in Temples and other
places of worship.
Now schools are
functioning
in building
constructed
this
purpose.
After
the arrival
of
European, the responsibility
of
provision
of Education
has slowly
shifted
largely
from the society
to
Government.

To achieve

this

government is implementing
compulsoryeducationforall.
The progress

and the

for

the

free

and

bright

futureofthesocietytotallydependson
thebasic
education
facilitated
to
young children.
The

school

is

one

of

the

social

institutions.
It paves the way for
development
of education
in the
society.
Children
are the future
citizens.

The

discipline,
control
to
the school

the

school

ofthe

society.

interlinked,

requirements]

1 . The society
2. The society
3. Schools are
4. The society

was the

for
schools.
to establish

schools.

society.

the

5. The society
6. The society

rst

to

provides
the necessary
established
to fulll
the necessary
sends its children
to schools because

school.

in

of
of

the blanks from the options
given below:
society,
teacher,
faith,
apply,
participates,

donations,

in the

and self

children.
All
the activities
thrive
for
the fulfilment

expectation

Fill
in
[owner,

teaches

responsibility

is the
gives

they

have

land,

7. The society
8. Schools
9.

It

16.

is
If

thrive
the

the

Match the
Student-

actively
well

because

responsibility

school

of

develops

following

they

are

the

the

:

Community

&
. Students

need

. Lessons taught
. Bathe daily
. In

school

in

and

school

outside

. Teachersinstructions
. Do notwastewater
. School

cleanliness

. Among students

tO®\lO>U1-BOOK)
. Parents
and elders
16. Outside
the school

11 . Mid12.

day meals

Behave

well

The school is the stepping
stone for the progress
of the society.
Therefore
the society
provides
all the
necessities
to the school immediately.
The society
the school
waiting
to
of
to
in

is

the

service.
provide

the school.
schools.
all
the school

first

The society
is
the school with

functions.

with the society.
to link
the society
also

beneficiary

and the

school.

develops.

Duties
wear

clean

uniforms

practice

clean

habits

should

be followed

by students

of

the

should

be maintained

do not

ght

should

be respected

be safe

will

but

and

be Friendly

united

be praised

revised
by the
be punctual
in

students
school

everyday

use when required
wash

hands

and

do not

waste

necessary
requirements
secure the brightfuture
The parents
school

with

the

instills

in

food

inorder
of its
help

the

to
children.

ofthe

students

human

values like
discipline,
self-control,
equality,
co-operation,
community
living,
helping
tendency and unity.
Social

Science

Teachers

are

considered

as God in

society.
The family,
community and
society
should help the student
to
strictly
adhere the moral values
imparted
by the school.
Teachers and
parents
should help to create an
environment

conducive

The good values
students

in

for

acquired

school

should

children.

by the
be followed

and developed further.
School should
serve as a miniature
society.
The
quality
of primary
education
is thejoint
responsibility
of parents
and teachers.
The students
will
ultimately
be
affected
iftheyfail
to do their
duty.
At school,
the students
should
learn discipline.
The students
should
Follow rules and regulations
of the
school such as being punctual,
having
regular
attendance,
self-discipline,
being attentive
in class and showing
interest
in studies,
being Friendly
with
the students,
not wasting
drinking
water,
being on time and maintaining
silence
during
prayer assembly.
when the
themselves

students
in the

society,

it

is

involve
activities

called

student

of

the

community,

adolescent
community or youth
community.
Students
should learn the
code of conduct to be adopted in the
society.
There should be no variation
between what they learn and what
they practice.
Students
in their
growing stage should learn good
manners, citizenship
and leadership.
The

school

should

inculcate

leadershipqualitiesamongstudents.
fa-arr

Mangoes that
branch

of

we get

the

from

same tree

a
will

not

have

the same size,
weight and
appearance even though it has the
same fragrance,
taste,
colour
and
quality.
Similarly
even though two
people look alike
having the same
colour
and physical
appearance they
have different
feelings
and views
naturally.
Differences
differ
is

are essential.
not a sin.
Those

To
who differ

in

opinion
are not enemies. They are our
friends
even when they have different
views. Today we may deny certain
things
and tomorrow we may accept
them. This is quite
human. Differences
add enchantment
and spice to our
lives.

Various
shapes and curves go
together
to complete a picture.
various
colours
give beauty to the portrait.
when these colours
and shapes come
together
they give beauty to the
scenery.
The variety
among people
help to unite the society.
It is our
greatness
to find meaning among
these
differences.
understand
the

people

we need to
character
in different

in orderto

we cannot

avoid

live

together.

these

differences
in the society.
This is the
law of nature.
Teachers should help
students
to recognize
the reason for
these differences
and help them to live
a harmonious

be understood
to appreciate

life.

with
their

Differences

"There are many fruitflakes
in
Jack fruit
yet it is considered
158

should

their
background
naturality.
a
as a

single
fruit.
Likewise
used to make a garland"

many flowers

are

Though there are various
differences
like
caste,
creed,
language,
religion
and surroundings
in
our country
yet we are Indians.
we
should create an awareness among
the students
that though there are
differences
we belong to one country.
There are also strengthening
forces
which

unite

flag,

the

us

such

national

constitution

as the

national

emblem,

and

our

culture.

The values imparted
to the
students
by the teachers
should be
carefully
carried
out with the help
the parents,
community and society.
The

effect

of

reflected

in

The family
school.

the

the

life

school

should

of

be

family.
is

Students

continued

should

in

be trained

follow
the goals and aspirations
society.
Students
should get
themselves
successful

accustomed
social
life.

for

Evaluation
I.
Fill
in
1 . School

the blanks:
is a institution.

to

of

the

a

2. paves way forthe
development
of the society.
3. The unites
the society
and the school.
4.

Differences

are

5. are given

equal

importance

to God.

II.
Match the following:
1 . Society
2. Do not waste drinking
water
3. Students whojoin
together
4.
5.

Parents
School

Ill.

and

elders

Answerthefollowing:

1.By whom schools

are

helps the society
student
- society

to

established?
grow

should praise the students
good quality
of the students
owner

of

the

school

2. what does the development
of the society
3. why is it necessary to have differences?
4.

what

are

the

moral

values

to

be instilled

depend on?

in

the

students?

5.

List

the

principles,

the

6. List the aims of the
IV. Answerthe following
1 . Difference

is

the

student

should

follow

in

school.

society.
in details:
law

of

nature.

-Explain.

159
Social

9°

Science

N7

[ Formative Assesment)
write

down the

names of

who contributes

education

more for

the

institution

progress

in your

of the

area.

children.

School

/ Society?

Discuss.

write

and enact a skit

Get information

about

(drama) based on the concept Unity
the

societies

contribution

towards

in Diversity.
the

development

of

your

school.

Give your

suggestions

to the

development

of

yourschool.

160

GEOGRAPHY
3.THE
EARTH
AND
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
The bright
and beautiful
evening gradually
faded
Sun soon sank into the western horizon
and went
began to envelope the sky, as night was setting
lamps in the sky. Soon in the total
darkness of
twinkling
like
diamond studded in the canopy of
A keen observation
of the enchanting
sky would reveal amazing truths.
It

appears

east

and

rises,
the
are

that
sets

the

Sun sets
visible.

the
in

stars
in

the

Sun rises
west.

in the

when

the

become invisible.
the

west

stars

night

Sun

Butwhen
shine

Among thousands of twinkling
stars
in the night sky, it is the moon that instantly
captures
our attention.
we come to know
a lot of amazing information
if we observe
the

moon.

First,
the shape of the moon keeps
changing everyday.
The shape of the
moon waxes from the
moon and wanes from

new moon to the full
the full
moon to the

away. The setting
out of sight.
Slowly darkness
in stars began to appear like
little
night,
millions
of stars appeared
deep blue sky. whata glorious
sight!

new moon .
we can calculate
the duration
between
one new moon to the next
new
moon or one full
moon to the next full

which

is

a month,thus

appearing

moon

in many

forms.

The moon appears with different
heavenly bodies everyday.
Besides the stars,
seen in the night
like
light
stars.
differentiate
the

planets
are
sky. Planets
Then how can
planets
from

also
also appear
we
the star?

161

Activity
Take a paper and prick
small
and big holes on it with a needle.
Fix
a torch
in the centre of the paper with
its front
portion
touching
the paper.
Switch
the

off

room

all

lights

dark.

and make

Now ash

the

torch-

light
on the wall.
You will
see
numerous dots of light
on the wall.
we assume that they are the stars
that shine in the sky.
Switch on all the lights
in the
room. This light
can be compared to

the sun. All

dots of light

(stars)

become almost invisible.
Similarly
stars are invisible
during the day
because of the bright
light
emitted
the

will

by

Sun.

Social

Science

First,

if

notice

that

planets

you look
the

closely,

stars

glow without

you will

twinkle.

The

any icker.

Secondly planets
do not remain
in the same position.
If you see a
planet with a particular
star today,
you
might see the same planet with
another
star after
a certain
period of
time.

Thus the various
positions
planets
can be seen against
backdrop of stars.

of
the

without
the help of the
telescope,
you will
be able to see ve
planets
namely Mercury,
Venus,
Mars, Jupiter
and Saturn with the
nakedeye.
But Neptune and Uranus can
be seen only through
a telescope.
Before sunrise
or sunset you
can see Mercury and Venus for few
hours. These two planets
appear only
at

the

horizon.

Venus rises
sunrise
and

morning

a few hours
before
therefore
it
is called

as

The

star.

Mars, Jupiter
visible
with
night either
thewest.Thus
planets
with

and Saturn are
the naked eye during the
in the east or overhead or
we can see only ve
the naked eye.

In Tamil

days of

the

the

week are

in

named

moon

after
and

these
the

ve

planets,

the

Sun.

we know that seeing
is not
believing
is a scientic
outlook.
It
appears to us that the Sun and the stars
rises

in

the

east

and

sets

in

the

west.

But in fact it is only the Earth that
spins on its axis everyday.
It appears to
us that all the celestial
bodies including
the

Sun and

west

because

west

to

the

the

the

stars

spins

east

from

to

the

east.

The moon moves from

as a back drop.
Second

move from

Earth

the

west

to

the

east

forthree

(which can be seen in the picture

consecutive

days,

with

the

stars

below)

da

K Ngnh .

Third

day M N rm

Q ..

overhead

in

a higher

position.

Usually
the upper part of the map indicates
the north,
the lower part
indicates
the south. The right
side shows the east while the left
side indicates
the
west. But in the map showing night sky, the right
side indicates
the west and the
left
side indicates
the east. Directions
are located
accurately
if the map is held

Solar
It

System

is

but

not only

also

due

planets,

because
to

the

we are

of the

rotation

able

to

rotation
of

observe

the

of the
moon and

their

Earth,
other

movements.

The moon revolves
around the Earth,
similarly
the
planets
revolve
around the Sun. Thus it appears that
the planets
move with the stars as a backdrop.
Social

all

Science

The Solar

System

we can see the Sun, moon and the five
planets
that are mentioned above with naked eyes.
with

the

help

of the

telescope

other
billions

celestial
of

bodies

stars

and other

gaseous

All

planets

around

objects.

revolve

the

The Earth
including

we can observe

like

Sun.

is also a planet.
Different
kinds of life
human beings are found on Earth because the

The eight
planets
have been classified
planets
and gaseous planets.
are called
as while Jupiter,
Saturn Uranus and Neptune are gaseous

into

solid

planets.

163

Other than the Earth,
allthe
other planets
have no oxygen
and large amount of other gases in their
respective
atmosphere.
Hence life
is not found in these planets.
All planets
appear to move in an anti-clockwise
direction
if you take a bird's
eye view from the north
the Sun. Even though they all
revolve
in the same
direction,
the duration
of their
revolution
around the
differs

from

one

pole
Sun

another.

The planets
which revolve
around the Sun, do not
deviate
from their
respective
paths. All planets
revolve
around the Sun in an elliptical
path, approximately
at the
same plane. The path that the planet takes to revolve
around

the

Sun

is

called

'Orbit'.

of

Sun

The Sun is

the

head of

the

Solar

family.

It

is

at the

centre of the Solar system. It is a large gaseous ball
fire.
The gravity
of the Sun holds the Solar system
together.
The Sun is the source of heat and Iightforthe
entire
Solar family.
The Earth is approximately
156 million
away from the Sun.
The Sun is very hot but the Earth receives
moderate heat from the Sun. The Sun is the
body that emits light
in the Solar system.

only
only

of

km

celestial

THE RINGS OF SATURN

The rings of Saturn is visible
through
a telescope.
These rings consist
of small stones,
dust and ice particles.
Though only the rings of Saturn are magnificent,
Jupiter,
Uranus and Neptune also have rings.
DWARF PLAN ETS

Pluto,
Charon,
Dwarf Planets
around the Sun.
smallerthan
our

Ceres, Eris were newly grouped as
in the year 2666. They also revolve
They are very small in size.
Their size
moon. So they are called
Dwarf planets.

is

164

No planet
their

has the

capacity

own. They reect

The time
Planets
revomtion

taken

forthe

to

the

light

days 5.79

because

the

Duration

Km 58.6

of the

9 months 449.7

have light

of

planets

around

Sun.

of

days

EARTH 365 Adays 15 Crore Km 23 hours 56 min
MARS 687 days 22.79 Crore Km 24 hours 37 min
JUPITER 11 years 9 months 77.83 Crore Km 9 hours
SATURN 29 years 5 months 142.7 Crore Km 16 hours
NEPTUNE 164 years

do not

days

VENUS224.7 days 16.82 Crore Km (*)243

URANUS84 years 287.1 Crore Km (*)17

they

Sun.

and revolution
from

Crore

light

of

rotation

Duration
of Distance
the Sun Rotation

MERCURY87.97

emit

55 min
46 min

hours 39 min

Crore

Km 16 hours

Venus and Uranus marked with the (we) sign rotate

from east to west.

But all

east.

other

Source

planets

NASA,

USA

of

asteroids

rotate

from

the

west

ASTEROIDS
Thousands

between
clusters

tiny

are

Mars and Jupiter.
of

stones

celestial

and big

found

Asteroids

bodies

rocks

which

which

are
includes

can measure

to

the

the

upto

366 to 466 km in

Some of

them

have

diametre.

Indian

names

such as Vynu Pappu the astronomer,
Sarabai the Father of Atomic energy
Ramanujam the Mathematician.

and

MOON

The Moon is called
by different
names
in Tamil.
The Moon is not a planet.
Planets
No.

of

Satellites

revolve

around

that

the

planets

Mercury

Venus
Earth

Mars
Jupiter

Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

THE REAL APPEARANCE OF
THE MOONS SURFACE
165
Social

Science

The

moon does

the

Sun directly.

Earth.

Hence

not
it

revolve

It
is

around

revolves
called

around

a satellite.

the

atadistanceof
It

takes

about

moon to

27.3

3,84,4e1
27.3

revolve

days for

Km.

days for

around

the

the

moon to

the
Earth

and

rotate

on its

axis.
Hence

from

the

Earth

we are

tosee onlyonesideofthe
year 1959 the satellite
photographed
the other

able

moon. lnthe
Lunar 3
side of the

moon.
The

moon does

not

have

atmosphere like
the
found in the liquid
present.

an

Earth.
water is not
form but moisture
is

Landforms such as mountains,
plateaus
and valleys
that are found
the
the

Earth'ssurface
moon.

Craters

are another

feature

of

through

a telescope.

formed

very

due

often

the
to

the

are

also

found

on
on

special

moon.

This

can

be viewed

These craters
meteorites

on the

Few craters

are

which

are
fall

moon's
landscape.

formed

due

to

volcanic

eruption.
166

where does the
moon day?

Moon go on a new

Earth's
elliptical

path

. Sun
1111
New Moon

waxing

Moon waning

Moon

Eanh
Full

Moon

The Sun is the only illuminating
celestial
body in our solar system.
Though the moon shines brightly
during the night,
it actually
reects

|ightoftheSun.
Like the Earth,
the moon is also
almost a sphere, therefore
the side
that faces the Sun, shines brightly
while

the

other

side

is

dark.

During the revolution
of the
moon around the Earth,the
dark

side

the

of the
called

moon that
faces
the
new moon.

moon that

shines

iscalled

full

brightly

on the

between

the

the

moon

Earth

and on a full
moon day,
opposite
to the Sun.

why are we not

able

the

other

of

Ask

a student

place.

Earth

moon.

On a new moon day,
comes

the Earth
is
The side
of the

side

to

to

the

and

the

the

moon is

Sun

see
moon?

stand

Draw a circle

in

one

around

him / her

with
a radius
of two metres.
Ask
another
student
to stand
on the circle.
The student
who stands
at the centre
of the circle
is the Earth.
Give himl

her a card

denoting

the

name

Earth.
The student
who stands
on the
circle
is the Moon. Give her/

him

a

card denoting
the name "Moon". Now,
the student
who represents
moon
should

revolve

facing

only

around

the

the

earth

Earth.

The moon is revolving
around
the Earth.
But, does the moon rotate
on its
Note

axis
the

of the
moon.

- Discuss.

direction

student
The

direction

moon changes
revolves
called

of

the

face

who represents
of

on all

around
rotation.

the

the

sides
Earth.

the
face

of

the

when it
This

Hence the moon rotates
on its
axis.
The duration
of rotation
revolution
of the moon around
Earth
is the same.

is

and
the

IL!
WANING MOON
WAXING MOON

1 1 1 1

when the Sunlight
falls
on the
moon, a day is exactly
divided
into two
equal halves,
that is one half is day and
the other half is night.
The day and night

on the moon changes according
to the
phase of the moon that we view from
the

Earth.

METEOROIDS

The sudden streaks
of light
seen on
a starry
night is called
as Meteoroids.
This
can be seen when the remains of the rocky
parts of the comets strike
the Earth's
atmosphere and streaks
of light
are
generated.
They are not stars that fall
down.

what happens when you rub your
palms together?
Do you feel the

warmth?

Similarly
when fragments
of rocks
and comets from space strike
the earth's
atmosphere,
heat is generated.
So it burns
and shrinks.
This phenomena appears as a
bright
streak oflight.
167
Social

Science