Transportation Engineering -II
Dr.Rajat Rastogi
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee
Lecture

- 1

Introduction to Railway Engineering

Dear students, I welcome you all to lecture series on course material of transportation
engineering two. Transportation engineering two consists of two parts: the first part is
relating to railway engineering and the second part relates to airport engineering. We will
be taking up different aspects related to railway engineering and airport engineering in
successionduring these lecture series. Today, we will be starting with the introduction of
railway engineering and in this introduction we will be taking up different aspects as
mentioned here. We will be looking at the importance of the transportation systems. We
will go through the history of the Indian railways, we will look at the zoning systems
adopted by the Indian railways and then, we will also be looking at some of the important
characteristics by which we can compare different transportation systems by the special
reference to rail and road transport systems.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:33)

. are

Now we start with the importance of transportation system. When we start with this one,
as you have seen, we have different systems working by which we can transport not only
the passengersbut the goods. In general, the transportation system can be dened by
using this denition

which includes number of characteristics of any transportation

system taken in general.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:05)

It can be defined as, it is an optimum combination of Fixed facilities, Flow entities,
Operational plans, Storage facilities and Control systems that permit people and goods
to overcome the friction offered by geographical spaces in a most efficient,

safe and

convenient manner in order to achieve time and place utility for the desired activity.

Now, this is a denition

which incorporates, as I told you, number of important

characteristics of transportation system. It talks about the fixed facilities which are
physical facilities, xed and the space like a road way, like the track. The ow entities
are the things which are moving over these facilities. We can talk about different types of
the vehicles which are moving either on roads or on tracks, the trains. Operational plans
by which they have been operated, the facilities for storing of these equipments when not
in use. Control systems, another thing which is important is the friction. We have to

overcome the different frictions being imposed by different systems, being imposed by
the geographical spaces. Now, if we can remove this friction then we can have the
efficient system and not only the efficient system but that will be more safer and more
convenient to the movement of passengersand goods. Along with that what we have to
achieve is the different types of utilities so as to fulll

the activities for which we are

transporting the things or we are moving ourselves.

Now, we look at the importance of transportation system. There are different things or
different aspectswhich we can take up.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:06)

We have to derive out of the system the Economic aspects, the Cultural and Social
aspects,the Political aspectsand the Environmental aspects.

In the case of economic aspects,we have to look at the various utilities which have been
satised or which have been provided by the provision of that transportation system. In
the case of utilities as we mentioned in the previous slide, it can be time utility, it can be
place utility or it can be quality utility.

So we have to look at whether we can transport

the things in a system, in an environment where the utilities of transporting the things or

the utilities of transporting the passengersis not diminishing, it is not transforming into
disutility.

Another aspect here is the development of the area. As soon as the

transportation system is been provided in an area, it is well but natural that the
development of that area will start and this is one of the important factors why the
transportation systems have provided. One more aspect which is of importance especially
for the developing countries and of course not only for the developing countries but to
developed countries also is taken. Employment generation, being offered by any of the
transportation system which is utilized, which is being made operational.

In case of cultural and social aspects,we have to look at the effect of these transportation
systems on the settings of any cultural traditions which will be there in any of the area.
We have to try to preserve the things but to the extent that they should not become
isolated. Therefore, the inter plunging of the cultures is very important. Another aspect is
the social aspect where we have to look at different things. We have to talk about the
settlement patterns, we can talk about the health of the persons, we can talk about the
hygiene, we can talk about the emergency conditions where a facilities needs to be
provided.

In the case of political aspects,political aspectsare related more towards the governance
of any area; it may be strategic purposes where you have to just take control of your
boundaries or it may be the law and order situation which is to be controlled within the
area. That is why, this is another important aspect and at times you have to fulfill this
aspectby the provision of transportation system in that area.

Nowadays, another important thing which has been taken up again and again is the
environmental issue. We have to look at what type of solutions will be generated out of
provision of that transportation system. Whether that pollution is in terms of air pollution,
in terms of the noise pollution, or in terms of the water pollution, or the land pollution,

the nspewerageps
or at timesbecauseof the migrationswhich aretakingplace.What we
found is that small developed settlements takes place in the areas which are very near to
the centers, which are basically employment generation centers. I am talking about the

slums. So we have to look from the environmental aspect on these things also, that any
transportation system should not transform into a system which is creating environmental
degradation in that area. So, that is why the transportation system, what are provision of
transportation system is very much important for any of the areas.

Now, once we have the idea of what all the things which are going to be provided or the
importance of the transportation systems, the next thing which we can look at is what all
are the various types of transportation system available to us. The transportation systems
which are available to us are public or mass transport systems.

(Refer Slide Time: 8:30)

Where in more of the people can be grouped together that may be in terms of the public
bus transport system or it may be in terms of the rail transport system like metros. Then
there is a private transport system, where you are using your own vehicle. You may be
using your car, you may be using your scooter, you may be using your bicycle so as to
move to another place. That is the private transport system. In between private transport
system and public transport system is the intermediate transport system. In the case of

intermediate transport system the vehicle is not being own by you but it is being used by
you for a certain period of time.

(Refer Slide Time:

9:22)

I am talking here about systems like taxis. The taxis are not being owned by the person
who is utilizing that service, so that falls within the intermediate transport system. Other
than these three systems, we have the coordination or combinations of all these systems.
In the case of combinations and coordination we can look at the effect of taking the mass
transport system.

(Refer Slide Time: 9:37)

Mass transport system, not necessarily available to you at your door step. Therefore,
when you have to take that system you have to reach the station from where you can get
this facility. By taking this facility what you have to do is either you have to use your
own private mode so as to reach the station or you can use the intermediate transport
system like auto rickshaw so as to reach that point. Therefore, you will be having the
combination or the coordination of different systems in this case. So these are the ways
by which different systems can be utilized. Now, out of these systems we move to
another one, that is, what are the modes which are available to us. In the case of different

modes, we can classify them on the basis of the support system which they will be using.
They will be land transport systems,the water transport systems,the air transport systems
or some other systems. Again, we can have the classification within the land transport
systemsor water transport systems or other systems, as been shown here. Now we will be
concentrating on the system which is termed as rail with ange systems, that is, the
conventional train system.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:10)

Now onwards whatever discussion we will be dealing, that will be concentrated on only
the railways which have been shown here.

Now we move to the history of Indian railways. Of course, railways started way back as
far as the global concern is there but when we have to look here; we were talking about
only the Indian railways. The history of Indian railway starts from 1822 when the first
proposal for the railways in India was meet for Madras, but somehow it could not take
place.

Then there was one of the committee which was named the Macdonald

Stephensons committee which has given, submitted the report, so as to look at the
practicability or feasibility of providing railways in British India, let in eighteen forty
four. Then there was a great Indian peninsular railway which was enacted by the act of
parliament in 1849.

(Refer Slide Time: 12: 14)

I am taking only some important aspectsof the history of Indian railways here. Here one
thing which we can seeis that in 1851 there was the rst movement of train in India, that
was

in Roorkee.

It was

done

for

the

Solani

viaduct

when

the

construction

of that

was

going on. Of course it was a very small track and the main concern here was the
transportation of the material for the construction purposes.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:48)

Then another aspect which has been there was the construction of a line in the Bombay.
Then came in 1853 the rst train which started as a passengertrain in India, which moved
between Boribunder and Thane. It was moved by 3 locomotives and they were given the
names as Sindh, Sultan and Sahib. There were 400 passengersor the guests who had
accompanied this journey.

(Refer Slide Time: 13: 16)

On August 15 the first passengertrain was started in the eastern section; that was from
Howrah to Hooghly. Then there was the first train in the southern region, it was for
around 100 kilometers distance and it was done by the Madras railway company. Then
there was a train in the north, it was started in 1859 and it was from Allahabad to Kanpur
for a distance

of around

180 kilometers.

While all these developments were going on, it was observed that there is a need of
constructing or setting up of the different workshops or the loco works which can take
up the maintenance of different locomotives or wagons which are in use. Here we can see
that the Jamalpur loco works was established in 1862 and the Alambagh workshop was
set up in 1865. While all these things were going on, in 1864 the first train came to Delhi.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:35)

Now, we come to 1870 onwards, and in this case we see that there was connectivity
between Bombay and Calcutta; the things were going on as such. 1870 and onwards also
has seen the implementation and the construction of meter gauges. The rst commercial
meter gauge service was started between Delhi and Rewari in 1873. Then there were also
horse drawn tram systems which were operated in Mumbai previously known as Bombay
in 1874.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:09)

Continuing with the history of Indian railways, what we see is that, at number of station
the book stores with the name of A H wheeler and company Harwinsy bias. This
company was set up in 1877 by a French author and an Indian businessman, so it has a
long history. In 1882 the post of the director general of the railway was created in the
central public works department which was controlling at that time the operation and
construction of Indian railways.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:54)

Another aspect, big expect which has come up in 1888 was the construction of Victoria
Terminus building in Bombay, today it is named as Chatrapathi Shivaji Terminus. The
rst locomotive was build in India at the Ajmer works in 1895, then Jamalpur workshop
officially begin its production of steam locomotives in 1899.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:24)

There were some more committees which tried to improve the administrative and
operational aspects of the Indian railways, that is, the British railways at that time.
Railway Inileages were kept on increasing at most 24750 miles in 1901. Interlocking was
introduced, this was the safety aspect which was taken up slowly and slowly, and 1903
was the rst time when for a certain section that system was provided.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:02)

Railway board, the main board which is controlling the total operations and policies of
the railways that was formalized in 1905; then the general rules were framed and Indian
standard time came into force in 1906. The British systems standardswere adopted so as
to keep on constructing the Indian railways and their tracks.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:27)

The rst ever diesel locomotive in India was provided or constructed in 1915. Then we
have some more things in the case of safety aspectswhich were taken place; they were in
the form of vacuum breaking systems, track circuiting systems or the telephones which
were provided for the controlling of the operations of trains on the tracks. The Indian
railway committee, also which was termed as the Acworth committee, it has pointed out
that we have to have a unified management of the entire railway system. What was
happening before this was

(Refer Slide Time: 18: 15)

that there were different railway companies which were operating their services in
different regions. So, a unied approach was required, so that each and every thing can
be taken up in a balanced manner. That is why this was suggested in 1920 by this
committee. Again, on these sides, what we see is the track length was increasing and it
was 61220 root kilometers in nineteen twenty one. Further, the railway board was
organized by the chief commissioner of railways who was having more powers than
before.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:01)

Now, if we take the nances in the case of Indian railways, they were taken up in 1924
and uniform system of loco classification codes, because whatever locomotors we are
using, whether they are a steam locomotives, whether they are a diesel locomotives or
nowadays we are using the electric locomotives, they have been classied on the basis of
their characteristics. So, a uniform system is required to do that. In this case this uniform
system was adopted from 1924 onwards and, of course, it has been changed or modied
from time to time. The rst electric railway got operated in 1925. Then, there was
locomotive standardscommittee which adopted several Indian railway specifications loco
classes

as standards.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:54)

We also see the back coming of the passenger facilities; it was in the terms of the air
conditioned facilities being provided from 1936 onwards. Then there was certain
recommendation in the case of the more better passenger services and expansion of the
freight activities. A committee was formed for this which was named as Wedgwood
committee; that was the time 1937.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:23)

The ministry, the minister of transport and communication in the post of this created so as
to control the overall operations of transport systems in 1937 and the Indian standard was
renamed as Indian government railway standards in 1945. Before that most of the
standardswhich we adopted were from British India and the British standardswhich have
been followed in their country.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:54)

Slowly and slowly we started taking up our own initiatives and to have our own
standards.Then the integrate design coacheswas come into use. There was possibility of
AC traction, before we were having DC tractions and we were also starting the sleeping
accommodations from 1954 onwards. The passenger fare was standardized in terms of
different money for per mile of the routes which have been taken up. The platform tickets
were

also started

in 1956.

(Refer Slide Time: 21 :32)

There was certain development in the area of research and other design aspects. They
were in terms of RDSO. There was signal engineering in telecommunication which was
established at Secunderabad,so as to impart training to the persons who are working in
these areas.This is the one of the important areaswhere the total control of movements of
trains are taking care of.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:00)

The permanent way training school was also set up. Then slowly and slowly some more
facilities have been provided in the passengercoaches;they were in terms of the fans and
lights. Chittaranjan locomotive works started producing electric locomotives and the loco
works at Varanasi was also set up in 1961.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:26)

The Kunzru committee which investigated level crossing accidents; this is the one of the
important safety aspectswhich is still creating problems in to the Indian railways. There
were some more workshops which started manufacturing wagons. Then there was
committee which investigated the benefits of electrification in 1963.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:50)

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Some more changes were made to the railway board. One change which was made in
terms of vigilance;

the first freight services was provided

and containerized freight

services were provided between Bombay and Ahmadabad and long welded rail was
introduced in many areas. Illustrate that having the short rails having the length of 13
meters, now we started using rails which were having much more length as compared to
this one that was done by the welding of different rail sections.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:24)

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nertfm

«

In 1969, the New Delhi Howrah Rajdhani express is started. It was having a maximum
speedof 120 kilometers per hour.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:36)

Then there was Farakka railway bridge which is one of the longest prestressedconcrete
bridges, it was opened. Calcutta metro started working; it was the construction phase
which was started for this one. The Bombay Rajdhani also started its services and again
there was modication in the railway board in 1972. RITES was formed for taking of the
research and consultancy services in the area of not only on the Indian railways but others
also, that was in the year 1974.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:11)

IRS standardsfor rails are also laid down. They are related to 52 kg per meter rail section
of the broad gauge or 75 pounds per yards sections for meter gauge. Railway boards
again gets modied into its member in terms of health electrication coaches reaches
New Delhi making the New Delhi-Howrah route making the rst trunk route which was
completely electrified, that was the year 1976.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:43)

ram mu Ema}?

Complete sleepers came into use from 1977 onwards and now still we are using the
complete sleepers.They have better qualities as we will be looking at these things when
we take up the sleepers in detail. There were some more modication to the railway
board

and then

there

were

the issue

of economics

of electrication

because

whether

we

should go to this one or to continue with the diesel locomotives or the steam locomotives,
which

are in use that time.

Another area, another thing which was set up was the central organization for railway
electrication,

that was core in 1979.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:24)

Then there was energy policy being dened.

There were some changes in the case of

southern railways. At Patiala, diesel component works was set up and first ISO was
hauled by Indian railways. Then Indian railways also begin their studies in the area of
telecommunication or IT as well as in the case of information management systems.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:53)

The Wheels and Axle plant, Yelahanka, started its production in 1984. Railway reforms
committee suggestedthat we should go for more creation of zones. So as to handle the
operation of the train trafc more efficiently that was begin in 1984. Southern railways
becamethe first zone to eliminate the broad gauge steam operations, that was in 1985.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:21)

Then there was the telecom division of Indian railways which was named as IRCOT and
that was founded in 1986. Ticketing system was made available from 1986 onwards.
There was automatic signaling system, another safety aspect which was taken up and then
the next safety aspect was in terms of solid state interlocking system which was made
operational. The electrication was 7275 route kilometers in the year 1987.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:54)

Further improvements in the area of passengertransportation took place, that was in 1988
when the first Shatabdi express was operated. There was also modication in the area of
pre transportation in terms of the setting up of on car that is the Container Corporation of
India. This was a big step in this direction. In 1989, the train services were made
universal by adopting new four digit scheme as it is stands today. Railway act was
enacted in 1989. It updated the legal frame work for railways in India and it replaced the
previous one.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:43)

Then in 1990, the central railway route was made fully electrified.

Further the ticket

machine was self printing ticket machine; we consider they are introduced in New Delhi.
Railway capital fund was established in 1993 and royal orient train was introduced by
western railway in Gujarat in 1994.

(Refer Slide Time: 28: 10)

That was from the tourist point of view. In 1996 further there was a change in the zoning
system and some more zones were created. The proposal of Delhi metro got approval
from the union cabinet again in 1996. The services of the freight movement in Konkan
railway, they started in 1997. This was again one of the biggest step which have taken
place becausethis was the railway system which was made, which was having different

(Refer Slide Time: 28:42)

types of dealing and of course by the provision of this railway line, we have reduced the
distances, we have reduced the time frame in which we are reaching the different parts.
One more safety aspect, which was there was radio communication between the driver
and the guard conduct, was introduced in 1997.

In 1998, Konkan railway construction was completed. Then Indian railway begins its
upgradation communication links along high traffic routes using the optic bers in 1998.
Further the new zone was created in 1999 and credit cards were started to be accepted for
booking the tickets and reservations.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:25)

There were some more changes in the freight transportation. The Indian railways started
their

website

and there

was a Rakesh

Mohan

committee

in 2001

which

recommended

the

splitting the Indian railways into an operational body and a regulatory body,
rationalization of the fares, closure of unprotable lines and a corporate approach to
nances, man power reduction and privatization. The Interactive Voice Response
System, IVRS, this was made available from 2001 onwards by which we can meet
telephonic inquiries about the trains.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:06)

In 2002, another change in the passengertransportation came in the Indian railways, that
was in form of provision of Jan Shatabdi trains which were made into force. This was the
new type of the service which was provided for short distance commuting between the
two major stations. It also changed its classication codes for diesel locomotives in
2002. Online train reservation and ticketing system over the internet was provided again
from 2002 onwards. Konkan railway conducted a trial run of the Madgaon-Roha Express
at 150 kilometers per hour, that was another mile stone in the area of Indian railways.
Then

there

were

some

modications

in terms

of the blends

or

the diesels

which

were

used and there was ve percent biodiesel blended fuel which was used for the first time
in Indian railways in 2002, that was the Amritsar Shatabdi.

(Refer Slide Time: 31:10)

In 2004 the railway board expanded by the introduction of two more members, one for
signaling and telecommunication and the other one for stores. First public trail of
Konkan railways skybus project, this is skybus project is the project where we have
some pillars being erected in the centre of the roadway for any other system and then
from there we have the buses which move in the form of sort of a trolley. This was made
to move and there was a demonstration project which was taken up in the initial condition
where the vehicles move at the speedof 40 kilometers per hour for a distance of around 1
kilometer. First successful run of Delhi metro, the first underground section of the Delhi
metro was inaugurated, that was between Delhi University and Kashmiri gate and this all
took place in 2004.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:11)

In 2005, this is another area where there has been a demand.

The Jammu Tawi and

Udhampur line section, as Udhampur line section reaches towards, it has the strategic
importance and that is why there has been a demand for having this sort of a construction
and it was not taken up previously. In 2005, Jammu Tawi- Udhampur line in Jammu and
Kashmir was inaugurated. IRCTC introduced e-ticketing systems also by Indian railways
and ticketing by SMS also begin in the year 2005.

2006 onwards what we found is that there is a New Delhi - Bhopal Shatabdi which was
cleared

for higher speeds , something like 150 kilometers

per hour.

That is the

commercial speed, means they are allowed to move between New Delhi and Agra Cantt.
stretched with this speed but for rest of the speed it was little lesser than this one, which
was around 130, 135 kilometers per hour. The regular double stacked container services;
they were started, so as to have, so as to move more containers, more trains in the same
direction, this was in 2006.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:31)

Now, we come to the salient features of the Indian railways. As on today, there is not
been much difference in what is being shown here, which corresponds to that 2002 data.
It is the railway covers around 63140 route kilometers. Out of these the broad gauge,
meter gauge and narrow gauge which had been used in the Indian railways, they have
different route kilometers and have been shown here. The Indian railways, today owns a
eet of number of wagons and the coachesand locomotives and they are managing to run
14444 trains daily and they are increasing with every year, and we have 8702 passenger
trains.

They carry more than a million tons of freight traffic and about 14 million

passengerscovering 6856 number of stations daily.

The railways are more energy efcient as compared to the other modes. They are 5 to 6
times more energy efficient in terms of the land use, they are 4 times more efficient and
they have significant superior from the stand point of environment impact and safety. The
degradation which is being caused because of the implementation of the railway system
that is much less as compared to the other systems which are operated and at the same
time safety aspects are also better because of the provision of the different kinds of the

control systems or operational systems which have been provided, as we have seen along
with the history of the Indian railways.

(Refer Slide Time: 35:00)

Some more features which are there for the Indian railways; they are, that they have the
research designs and standardsorganization known as RDSO which is the one of the sole
research and development wing of the Indian railways. This functions as a technical
advisor and consultant to ministry or zonal railways and to the production units. The
Indian railway system is being managed through the different zones and different
operating divisions. We have 16 zones, 10 divisions and 6 production units which are
engaged in manufacturing of rolling stock, wheels, axles other ancillary components to
meet the requirements of the Indian railways.

(Refer Slide Time: 36: 12)

Now, we come to the different zone systems which have been adopted by the Indian
railways. As we have seen previously that there has been a continuous change in the
zoning system of the Indian railways and we based on the operational requirements or the
administrative requirements we have been making these changes. In 2003, some new
zones were created. They were east coast railway which was having its headquarter at
Bhubaneswar, the south western railway which was having its headquarter at Hubli.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:51)

The west central railway with the head quarter at Jabalpur , the north central railway with
the head quarter at Allahabad and the south east central railway with the head quarter at
Bilaspur. The different sections or divisions which can come under the purview of all
these zones, they have also been shown here.

(Refer Slide Time: 37: 12)

Then

there

were

some

zones

which

were

created

in 2002.

These

zones

were

north

western

railway zone with the headquarter at Jaipur, the east central railway zone which was held
in head quarter at Hajipur. They were created by taking the different divisions or by
creating the new divisions may be from the northern regions or the western regions in the
case of north western railways or from the eastern regions or the central regions in the
caseof the east central railways.

(Refer Slide Time: 37:48)

Old

zones

which

were

there

modied

because

of the modification

which

has been

made

to the railway zones as being seenin the previous slides. They were the western railways,
central railways, eastern railways and so on. Here, what we see is that the western
railways which has having its headquarter at Mumbai and are some modifications are
made to its total divisions which were given the charge under the western railway.
Similarly, in the case of central railway, they have their headquarter at Mumbai and again
there was some change in the total divisions which have been provided to them for the
operational point of view. Eastern railways having its headquartersat Kolkata.

(Refer Slide Time: 38:42)

The southern railway is having its head quarters at Chennai and they have another
division which was proposed and which was formed finally in 2006. That was the Salem
division. Northern railway is having its headquarter at Delhi, the north eastern railway
headquarter at Gorakhpur.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:03)

The south central railway is having its headquarter at Secunderabad,the south eastern
railway having its headquarter at Kolkata and the north east frontier railway having its
headquartersat Guwahati.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:30)

These are the zonal statistics which have been shown here with respect to the different
rail zones. They show the total kilometers which have been operated by these zones and
then there is a classication of these route kilometers in terms of the broad gauge
kilometers, meter gauge kilometers and narrow gauge kilometers. Here, what we see is
that the northern zone and western zone, they are having much higher route kilometers as
compared to the other zone. In case of the broad gauge route kilometers, which are
operated by these zones, what we seeis that the northern zone is having very heavy broad
gauge kilometers and this is followed closely by the southern, south eastern zone or the
central

zone.

(Refer Slide Time: 40:09)

Here in this one, another statistics in terms of the route kilometer has been shown where

the electrification of the track has been taken up. The running tracks have been shown in
terms of the electried tracks and net rutted tracks and the total track kilometers. They
are the statistics being taken from the Indian railways and some of the statistics here; they
include

certain

kilometers

like

in the case of track

kilometers

which

have

been

shown

at

the end. They include the tracks which have been provided in the yards or in the sidings,
crossings of the different stations.

(Refer Slide Time: 40:43)

Now we come to the another important area as we listed for this introduction of the
Indian railways, is that the comparison of the different modes. Here we try to look at the
different characteristics which we can take up so as to compare the different modes
across. One of the comparison which can be there is in terms of the cost of the provision
of systems.When we look at the cost of provision of a system then it is in terms of cost of
vehicles, the cost of the facilities, the fixed facilities which needs to be provided, the
operation over those facilities and nally the maintenance of those facilities. Therefore,
we have to look at the total cost component of all the summation of all these things which
have

been

shown

here.

Another aspectby which we have to compare the modes is the unit of transport. When we
talk about the unit of transport then it had to be taken up in terms of the different units
like the single unit, the multiple unit system or the continuous system. The single unit
system is the system where only one unit is moving on which either passengersor the
freight or the both , that is, the example which we can take is any truck or any bus or a
private vehicle. In the case of the multiple unit, railways is the multiple unit system
where we have different units being assembled together so as to move together. The

continuous system is the one where we have like pipe lines, conveyables where the things
are moving in the continuous form. So in the case of the Indian railways, they have the
multiple unit systems as compared to the other systems like for road transportation we
have a single unit system.

Next point of comparison which is there is degree of freedom. Degree of freedom defines
in how many directions vehicle can move. Now in most of the caseswe are looking, we
are just restricting ourselves to three degrees of freedom. In the X direction, in the y
direction and the z direction. In the case of railways becausethe trains have to move on
the track, therefore there is the restriction of the movements which is controlled by the
provision of the tracks. If we compare it with respect to the road transport system, then in
the case of road transport system the vehicles have the freedom to move in the transverse
direction along with the longitudinal direction but that is not the case in the case of
railways. Further, when we look at the air transportation system or we look at the water
transportation system where the subsurface water transportation system can be taken.
Then in that case what we seeis that we have the three degree of freedoms which again is
not in the case of the railways. So railways have a single degree of system freedom for its
IIIOVCIIICIIL

Next point of its comparison is dependability. Now how we define dependability is that
whether the service can be used throughout the year and all the climatic conditions, in all
the situations which will be there. In terms of this if we look at the railways, railways
more or less provides you a more dependable services as compared to water transport
system or as compared to the air transport system where they are much more dependent
on weather conditions. When we compare it with the road transport systems, in the case
of road transport system again, there is a problem with dependability but we found that
they can be operated even in the case of the extreme power conditions with lower speed
where in we have to at times suspendthe services in the caseof railways also.

Therefore, they have what we can say is

that something like medium to better

dependability as compared to the other modes, in the case of the railways. Another
aspect of comparison is exibility

and adaptability. These are two things which are much

important from the operational point of view. The exibility
three terms. We can talk in terms of the route exibility,
vehicle exibility

can be talked off in two or

they can talk in terms of the

and we can talk in terms of the time exibility.

The route exibility

is

the case where we can take any of the routes at any point of the time. In the case of the
railways, it is not possible to take different routes at any point of a time which are
otherwise not there in the schedules.They are governed by the routes or the tracks which
have been laid down. In the case of the time exibility,

again the scheduling is being

done and this scheduling is dependent on the space scheduling aspect where a certain
amount of distance needs to be maintained between the two trains which are moving on
the same tracks in the same direction. Therefore, we have a very less amount of time
exibility

in the case of the railways. They are predened, prescheduled. Vehicle

exibility

is also not there. In terms of the vehicle exibility,

what we see is that not the

many types of the vehicles can be used on railways whereas if you compare it with
respect to the road transport system, we have a large number of varieties of vehicles
which can be used on roads. Adaptability is the case where we have to look at in terms of
whether the system can be used in the extreme conditions like the gradients.

(Refer Slide Time: 48:24)

In the case of the gradients, we have stepper gradients where not the single locomotive
contains the total load along with it. Therefore, we have to provide some safety measures
or we have to provide more of the locomotives or we have to provide some other systems
by which this transportation can take place. As steeper gradients, of course, can be
traveled by the air transport system where we have different type of technologies
available to us. That is not the case with the railways. One important aspect for
comparison of the different modes is the safety. The safety of not only the vehicle but
also the passengersor the freight which are to be transported. In the case of the safety, we
can talk about two aspectsin terms of accidents. One aspect relates to the total number of
accidents which are taking place. Another one is the intensity of the accidents at which
those are taking place. As far as total numbers of accidents taking place in Indian
railways are concerned, they are not much but in terms of the intensity whenever a break
accident takes place then there are various chances of survival or the total proportion of
injuries or fatalities increases. That is not the case in the case of the road transportation.
The reason is simple, that it is taking much of the load as compares to the road
transportation where the vehicles are very small and therefore the total severity looks
much less as compared to the railways, and in this casethe operational control is one of
the aspect by which we have to enhance the safety of the railways. We have seen in the

history of Indian railways that they were adapted from time to time, different safety
measuresstarting from interlocking to vacuum breaks to the other systems. They are the
operational controls.

One area where there is still a problem in the case of the Indian railways is the level
crossings and they are trying to have better conditions, they are also more factors have
been taken

into

consideration.

The next aspect of the comparison of different modes is the hauling distance, that is, the
distance up to which we can transport the freight or the passengers.In general, the road
transportation system can be used for shorter or short distance commuting at the
maximum, for a minimum distance commuting whereas the railways can be used for the
medium distance and the long distance commuting. If still the distance is a much more it
is better to go for air transportation system. The water transportation system in this case
can be taken up if the inlet water services or the ocean, the sea services are available to
you. One aspect here is the speed or the total travel time which it takes from one point to
the another point. Here as we see, as we have seen number of type systems are being
utilized by Indian railways and there are still in the process of enhancing their speeds.
They have touched the mark of 150 kilometers per hour in the case of Shatabdi and are
looking for speed as high as 250 to 300 kilometers per hour on different sections for
which the studies are going on and the works are suppose to start. As soon as these
studies are over, so we will not be having the problem of the travel time and we will be
moving at much faster speeds.

In this case the different technologies also have the role to play. What we see today that
we have the choices of technology available to us. They are in the form of the air

bubblcsion
systems
or in theformof themagnetic
levitationsystems
wherein we can
reach the speed of 500 kilometers per hour also. So that is why we are going to achieve
much high speedsin the railways too. But that is not the case in the road transportation.
The type of traffic of course and this caseit can deal with the both type of traffic with the
passengertrafc as well as the freight trafc. In the case of the road transportation again

it is dealing with the passenger as the freight trafc. Initially, it was observed that the
amount of freight traffic was lesser in the road transportation which increased slowly and
slowly as the services of the railways were not providing those better services, but again
now what we see is there is a change in the proportions and there is a shift from road
transportation to railway transportation.

(Refer Slide Time: 53:02)

Employment potential is another area where we can have such comparison. In this case,
we have to look at the system which provides the employment to more of the people. In
the case of the Indian railways, it is providing employment to a much larger area. It is
providing the employment in the area of construction, in the area of operation and in the
area of management of the facilities. So that is why what we can say is that the railways
are providing much better services and it is can be compared with the other modes.

Dear students, today in this lecture, we have introduced you to the railways and its
specific aspects like history of Indian railways. We have also gone through the various
comparisons of the different systems which can be there, ranging from the public systems
to the intermediate system and private system or their combinations. We also looked at

the different zonings which have been created from time to time by the Indian railways.
These zonings are created on the basis of the operational requirements and regulation and
administrative requirements of Indian railways. In the last, we have compared the modes
on the basis of the characteristics of different systems. Dear students, in the next series
we will be moving with the other aspectsof the railways. So we stop at this point. Thank
you.