5. TAMIL

NADU

-AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the prime and
traditional occupation for the people of
Tamil Nadu. The practice of growing
plants on a large scale for food and

About 56 % of the people of Tamil

Nadu are farmers. Agricultural sector
supplies food and fodder to the people

and cattle, respectively. It is the source
of raw material for many of the

other purposes is known as agriculture.
Agriculture includes not only cultivation

industries.

of crops, but also rearing of animals,
birds, forestry, fisheries, and other
related

Types of Farming

The methods of growing crops

activities.

varyfrom region to region and can be
Activity

classified

Findproper
wordforeachof the

as follows:

Types of farming

following.

Cattlerearing

Rearing
ofbirds
Rearing of silkworms

Rearingof honeybees

Growing
fruitsA

Farming that is carried on small

land holdings that produce food crops

Growing flowers

for

local consumption

and

not for

Growing grapes

external

(sericulture, apiculture, animal

intensive farming. Most farmers in
Tamil Nadu practice
subsistence

husbandry,
orchard
farming,
viticulture, floriculture, poultry)

trade

is known

as subsistence

intensive farming. With the availability
of water for cultivation, farming
methods are classified into three types,

Activity

Canyou redefineagriculture namely:

using the terms learnt in previous

1)Wetfarming;

activity.

2) Dryfarming (maanavari); and
3) irrigation farming.

Wet farming
O Farming

where

Dry farming

water

supply

is OFarming carriediout only during rainy

availablethroughouttheyearfromrainfallseasonwithoutirrigationis knownas dry
V
,
.
V A
andirrigationis knownaswetfarmingL farming. ,

OCrops cultivated are ricetand

OCrops cultivated are ragi and other
millets.
V
OMostriverbasinsofTamilNadupracticeoDrier
regions
of
Vellore,

sugarcane.

A T

t

Thiruvannamalai,

thistypeoffarming.

Ramanathapuram

and Thirunelveli practice this type of
farming.
A
205

and availability of water in that season.
Thus

lrrigation farming is the practice of
growing crops with supply of water
through various sources of irrigation
like

wells,

lakes,

and

canals.

most

farmers

in

Tamil

cultivate crops in three
seasons as given below:

Nadu

different

Rice,

cotton and sugarcane are grown with

irrigation farming in most part of Tamil

Sornavarai

Nadu.
Most

practice

Kharif
of the farmers

in Tamil

subsistence

irrigation

farming.

known

The

are

seeds

as

sown

during May and harvested in October.
As the month of May coincides with the

Nadu

intensive

season.

is otherwise

and

Tamil month, Chitthirai it is also known
as Chitthiraipattam.

As the water

requirement for each crop varies,
irrigation plays a major role in the
agriculture development of Tamil Nadu.

Samba

Plantation farming IS yet another

summer

is

otherwise

season.

The

known

seeds

as

are sown

type of farming where crops are grown

in the month of July which coincides

on large farms or estates. Plants like

with the month

Tea, coffee, rubber and pepper are
grown as plantation crops on the hill
slopes of Tamil Nadu

harvested in January. This season is

The

is allotted for more than one activity
along with agriculture. The farmer

month

provides

Activity

income. This type

of

farming

and

are sown
and

in the month

harvested

in March.

This season is known as Karfhigai
pattam in Tamil Nadu as the Tamil
month Karthikgai coincides with the

fishing on a large land holding. This
method is profitable to the farmer as it
continuous

seeds

of November

grows two or three varieties of crops
along with cattle rearing, poultry and

and

ofAadi

referred to as Adipattam in Tamil Nadu.

Mixed farming is one wherein land

regular

Tamil month

is

of November.

List the dominant type of farming
followed in your district and the

prevalent in the Kaveri delta region.

reasons

Market gardening
includes
horticulture and floriculture, (growing
fruits, vegetables and owers) in large

behind

them.

Name the crops grown in your
area and their growing seasons?

scale for supply to the urban markets

and also for export purposes. Districts
The factors influencing agriculture

such as Madurai, Nilgiris, Thiruvallur

and Kancheepuram practice this type

may be classified as physical, social

offarmin

and economic

0 Physical factors include soils,
temperature, rainfall, humidity, climate

Farmers select particular crops to
be cultivated

in a season,

factors.

and slope of land.

to suit soil
206

traditional knowledge, belief and myths

some of the noteworthy canals on river
Bhavani a tributary of River Kaveri.

of farmers, farm size and holdings and

Canals taken from Mettur dam provide

farmer's
acceptance

irrigation for about 2.7 lakh hectares.

OThe

Social

factors

include

towards

innovation.

The Grand

OEconomic

factors

Anicut

built across

the river

Kaveri near Trichirappalli, diverts the
water to the entire delta region through

are market,

loan assistance, Government subsidy
and incentives.

Activity L ,

L d L

d Choose theisuitable
cropsfor
of T C i ~

specifictypesofsoils.

-LRedSO"

_AlluvialSoil
T

Grand
Anicut

Laterite
son

CCBlacksoil

Grand Anicut

T(paddy,
sugarcane,
rubber,
cotton)
C

River
tributaries

Activity:

L

Thamiravaruni
serve

i . Listthe namesof cropsthatyou

has

have identified and correlate them

with.thec|imateLoftheLregion. C
1) . .
T. .

nine

and

Thirunelveli

with many canals.

L L

on River Kaveri

its

district

River Tamiravaruni

anicuts

from

which

the

following channels, named as north
and south Kodaimel Alagain canal;
Nathiyunni canal,
Kodagan
canal,

Kannadian canal,
Palayan
canal,

2) L

Tirunelveli

3) T

Apart from this, Pachaiyar
anaicuts

canal
and

and Marudhur
Chlttar

has

canal

.

has nine
seventeen

anaicuts.

The main sources of irrigation are
canals, tanks and wells.
Canals

are man-made

channels

DoyouKnow?LT
L

of

Canalsusedfor irrigationhave

water taken from a perennial river, dam

the oldestrecordsof two millenniain

or lake to supply water to the
agricultural fields. Canal irrigation is the
most prominent type in the basins of
Kaveri

and

Tamiravaruni.

27

%

TamilNadu.Kallanai,builtaround
First century byKarika|anais still inuse

.andconsidered
tobetheoldestwater-

of

regulatory
structure
intheworld

irrigated land in Tamil Nadu cultivates
crops using canal irrigation
Arrakankottai
canal,
canal and Kalingarayan

L L

LiC.Thestate
of.Tarnid|Naduispioneer
in linking riverslof the state as
recommendediby Ministry of Water

Thadapalli
canal are

Resources-Li

207

CT

T

Do you know ?
Lakes

are

natural

Lakes are converted

water

Kancheepuram
is knownas the

bodies.

into tanks

by

land of thousand

strengthening their bunds to store
water for irrigation. Tank maintenance

lakes

Some important lakes of Tamil

about 39,202 tanks in Tamil Nadu which

Nadu are found
in Red Hills,
Chembarambakkam,
Veeranam,
Madhurandhagam, Kolavai, Ambattur,

accounts for 19 % of the irrigated area.

Ooty and Kodaikanal.

and management is a common practice
associated with temples. There are

Tanks

of

are concentrated

in the districts

Kancheepuram,

Vellore,

WellIrrigation
ISmost
predominant

Thiruvannamalai,
Pudukottai,
Ramanathapuram and Thirunelveli. At
present, Ramanathapuram
has the
maximum

to

number

be desilted

of tanks.

Tanks

have

regularly

for

better

irrigation system in Tamil Nadu which
utilizes

groundwater.

Well

irrigation

covers 52 % of irrigated area in the
state. Wells may be classified as
surface wells and tube wells.
Surface
wells are also

storage and supply of water. in Tamil
Nadu, tanks are classified as follows;
They are system tanks and non-system

known

as

open wells and are dug to reach the

water table lying within a few metres

tanks. System tanks are linked to
river/canal system of the state, with
water filled through supply channels.

from the surface. Tube wells explore

the aquifers of great depth with the help
of electric motors. There are 1,6,21,391
surface wells and 2,87,304 tube wells

The non-system tanks, on the other
hand, are dependent on rainfall of that
region. Tanks are maintained by either
PWD or Panchayat.

in Tamil

Nadu

that

are

used

for

the

purpose of irrigation.

Evaporation and

transpiration

Evaplo

Aquifers are underground rock layers which store water and allow water to
pass through them.
208

in Tamil Nadu a high potential
artesian
aquifer
occurs
in the
Cuddalore,
Chidambaram
and

There

is a considerable

amount

of

spring irrigation in the Kaveri and Vaigai
beds. Irrigation from these springs is

Viruthachalam area. This aquifer
named as Neyveli aquifer, pumps out
water regularly from lignite mining area
for irrigation and domestic supply.

practised in a few places of Erode
district.

Aquifers
atdifferent
depth
artesian
well
water

table

water

table

well

/

'1

Activity
Find out the source of irrigation in your area

Major Crops of Tamil Nadu

recharge

TAMIL

SOURCES

Scale:

NADU

OF IRRIGATION

1 cm= 6 km

210

TAMIL
MAJOR

Scale:

1 cm= 6 km

NADU
CROPS

Each

crop

requires

as the Granary of south lndia. Normally
Paddy is being raised in Thanjavur

specific

climatic conditions for its growth. Tamil

district

Nadu lies entirely in the tropical zone
and therefore almost all tropical crops
are grown here

agricultural year.

Food

crops

include

in all the

north

of paddy grown in Tamil Nadu. Jaya, IR
50 are high yielding varieties grown in
Tamil Nadu. Among the districts.

and

is in Aduthurai. TNRH 174, developed
by the Tamil Nadu Agriculture
Universitys Tiruvur Rice Research
Station (TRRS), has recorded the
highest yield of 4,500 kg per acre.

of Bengal gram, whereas Vellore and
of Tamil

T

Nadu

Leading districts

Coimbatore,
Dindigul
and.
Thiruchirappalli

Villupuramand Thuthukudi
Krishnagiri, Dharmapuriand Salem
Salem, Perambalur Sand Dindigul

Ragi
Maize
Korra (thinai)

institute

Coimbatore leads in the production

Millets

Cumbu

TS

black gram and horse gram.

Thus Kaveri delta (especially the
undivided Thanjavur district) is known

. Cholam

A

Pulses grown in Tamil Nadu are
bengal gram, red gram, green gram,

Nagapattinam have maximum acreage
as well as production of rice.

Name of the millet L

India?

Tamil Nadu Rice research

supply of water for its growth. Ponni,
and Kichadi Samba, are major varieties

Table:

one

Do you know?

of Tamil

Thiruvarur

for

Findout the reasonwhy ricecanybe

Nadu. Rice (Paddy) requires level land,
high temperature and continuous

Thanjavuar,

seasons

grown in all three cropping seasons of
Tamil Nadu whereas it is not possible in

cereals,

districts

four

Activity

pulses, and millets. Among the food
crops (cereals), paddy is the prime crop
cultivated

in

L Salem and Namakkal

Table: Tamilnadu-Principal food crops - area and production

Krishnagiri

produce

red gram.

The

districts of Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam
and

Toothuthukudi

production

of

stand

in

first

green

in

gram.

Nagapatinam,
Thiruruvarur
and
Cuddalore are noted for black gram
production. Horse gram cultivation is
widely
seen in Kirshnagiri
and
Dharmapuri districts.

Activity

Madurai

district.

Groundnuts,

sunflower, safflower (Kusumbavrai),
castor

and

oilseeds

linseed

cultivated

are the

major

in Tamil Nadu.

Tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and
cashew are the main plantation crops
of

Find
out
the
reason
why
pulses
are
grown after harvesting rice.

Millets are dry crops cultivated in
areas having high temperature

and

less rainfall.

Tamil

Nadu.

Tamil

Nadu

ranks

second in area and production of tea
next to Assam.

Tea estates

are seen

to

be concentrated on the hill slopes of the
Nilgris and Coimbatore districts. Tamil
Nadu

stands

second

in

area

and

production of coffee next to Karnataka.
Coffee is grown in the Western Ghats

as well as Eastern Ghats. Hill slopes
of the Nilgiris, Theni, Madurai and
Fibre crops include cotton and jute.
Cotton

thrives

well in black

soil and it is

the major fibre crop of Tamil Nadu
cultivated on large scale in the districts
of Coimbatore, Thirunelveli Cuddalore
and Villupuram. Mcu4, Mcu5, LRA5166

are the major varieties of cotton
cultivated

in the state.

Salem are the major regions of coffee
cultivation. Andipatti, Sirumalai and

Shervaroy hills also grow coffee.
Rubber is grown in Kanyakumari
district. Pepper is confined to the warm

and wet slopes of Kanyakumari and
Thirunelveli
Cuddalore

Commercial crops include all those
crops that are cultivated by the farmers
to

sell

and

consumption.

not

for

their

own

Sugarcane, tobacco,

oilseeds and spices like chillies,
turmeric and coriander are examples of
commercial crops.
Sugarcane
is the dominant
commercial crop cultivated in Tamil
Nadu. It is a ninemonth crop which
requires fertile soil, high temperature,

and stagnant water till the time of
flowering.
Coimbatore,
Karur,
Villupuram, Thiruvallur and Cuddalore
district show predominance of this

crop.

Tobacco

is yet

another

commercial crop of Tamil Nadu which is
widely grown in Dindigul, Theni and

district

of

Tamil

Nadu.

Cashew are extensively cultivated in
district.

Cultivating fruits and vegetables
on large scale is a recent trend in Tamil
Nadu. Fruits like mangoes,jackfruits,
banana, guava and grapes are widely

grown in groves. Krisnagiri leads in
mango production, Coimbatore and
Erode

are

known

for

banana

production and Theni for grapes.
Dharmapuri leads the other districts in

acreage

for

horticulture.

It also

specializes in floriculture

Rearing animals for the production
of milk, meat and hide is known as
Animal
husbandry.
Tamil Nadu
Cooperative
Milk
Producers

Federation (Aavin) produces milk and

dairy products for the state. The
federation

handles

26.1

million

litres

LMtARlyNEgF|SHylyNG
VDINLVAND
LFLISHILNCGC

of

Fishing
carried

milk per day, processes and supplies

milk for the whole state through 7,662

Fishingcarried out in
Lakes,rivers, Ponds,
estuaries, - y
V
backwatersand:
swamps- i
j 3~

outinthe Oceans

societies. The milk production was
55.86 million tons during 2007-08.
Percapita
milk consumption
is

andSeas.

0

233g/day.
The poultry hub of Tamil Nadu is

Large
Mechanized
TCatamaran (small*

3 woodenboats)
forsh catching. , Diesel.Boatsand
boats areused

Namakkal, Erode, Coimbatore and
Salem. Tamil Nadu produced 8394
million
eggs
during
the year
200708.Per capita availability is 128

3 oating net cages

are used.

Fish Varietiesare

eggs/year.

0

Fish varietiesare 0

ShafksaFlying . Catla,Rogue,mirkal,
Fish. C0UnCh.Cat» eel and calabaashut

Fish,Silverbellies . >

Tamil Nadu ranks fourth in fishing
among the states of India. Long
coastline

of

1,076km

the

and Carbs

broad

,

l

~

isT 0

l i

production in the state.

continental shelf favour coastal fishing

The

in Tamil Nadu.

estimated

marine

fish

production for the year 2007-08 was
393,266
tonnes
(Source:
Commissioner of fisheries, Chennai-6).
The

state

has

370

hectares

of

inland water, 63,000 hectares of
estuaries, backwaters and swamps.

Oysters and prawns are cultured in
organized nurseries at Ennore and
Pulicat lake for export. The estimated

inland fish production for the year
2007-08 was 164,504 tonnes. Vellore
district ranks rst among the districts
with 10 % of inland sh production of

inland fishing
The coastline has 591 shing
villages which are spread over thirteen

the state. Cuddalore, Sivagangai and
Virudhunagar stands second with 9 %

districts of the state. Pearl fishing is
predominant in Gulf of Mannar region.
Thuthukudi is the leading port in fish
export. Two more major fishing
harbours

are

Chennai,

Chinnamutthom
district

of inland

Tamil Nadu Fisheries Department

has introduced several programmes for

and

the betterment of fishing.

in Kanyakumari

and four minor

harbours

fish catch.

1) Aqua culture in farm ponds and

are at

Pazhayar, Valinokkam, Colachael and

irrigation tanks.

Nagapattinam.

2) Fish seed bank

Thiruvarur,

Nagapattinam,

Thanjavur

Ramanathapuram
contribute

40

districts
%

of

and

3) Fish seed rearing in cages
4) Ornamental sh culture and

together

marine

fish

214

5) Fish Farmers Development Agency
at Karaikal encourages farmers with a

Do you know?

slogan to grow sh and grow with sh

Increase
Before Independence,
in

Tamil

Nadu

method

of

followed

traditional
After

absorption capacity of roots.

improved
with
the
proper
implementation of Five Year Plans in
hybrid

Green

revolution

varieties

chemical

and

fertilizers

in terms

(9 The Government

of

application
increased

and certified

of

independence.
roduction

the

ositivel

quality

to the farmers.

are supplied at subsidised rate.
(9 Free electricity is provided to small

and marginal farmers for about 6 to 8
hours a day.
6) Government fixes the prices for
agricultural
products to safeguard

Recently, globalization

influenced

seeds

supplies

(9 Organic matter and micro nutrients

the

production to a greater extent.
Abolition of zamindari system, land
tenuring, consolidation of farms,
introduction of the land ceiling act and
co-operative farming were the new
agricultural reforms introduced after
has

will

activity and hasten the nutrient

Independence, there has been a steady
development
in all aspects of
agriculture. irrigation facilities were

the state.

matter

increase the water holding capacityof
the soil. This will support the microbial

agriculture

cultivation.

in organic

farmers

agricultural

from financial

crisis.

(9 Farmers Market (uzhavar santhai)

inTamilNadu

enhances the farmers to get better
The

traditional

methods

share of prices and at the same time
consumers to get agricultural produce
at affordable prices.

of

agriculture is slowly being replaced by
scientific
result

and

technical

of this the merits

methods

The

methods.

(9 Crop insurance scheme has been

As a

of the traditional

introduced.

have vanished.

Agriculture

Coimbatore
Swaminathan

6) Government has set up Agricultural
University

and

the

Research

in

Export Zones in Nilgiris and Krishnagiri.

M.S.

foundation

Activity A

are

Lookatthepicturegiven
below
and

trying to fuse the traditional with the
modern

methods

so

as

compare the size of arable land and

obtain

growing population given and discuss

maximum produce in the long run.
Some of the measures adopted are
Micro irrigation

with yourfriends about:
®Why

should

we

Integrated pest control management

|and?(cu|tivable land)

(IPM)
Growing blueAlgae and Azolla

®How

Precision forming through Remote

we

could we retain

A
retain

arable

arable
land?

®What will happen to food security if

sensing, Geographical information
system and Global positioning system.

do

not

maintain

the

between
food
production
Population increase?
215

balance

and

®Conduct a painting competition to express your views regarding this issue.

A Worldpopulationgrowth

Arablelandpercapita

aPopulatio
billion
in

\i\>o>4>o1
1960 2005) 2030

P

1960 2005 2030

EXERCISE

I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cashew are

a)Food

b) Fibre

2.Agricu|ture is the

a) Primary
3.

c) Plantation

d) non-food

and traditional occupation

b) Secondary
c) Tertiary
d) service
type of farming is known as Maanaavari in Tamil Nadu

a) wet farming

b) dry farming

c) Irrigation farming

d) precision farming

4.

crops.

type of irrigation is most predominant irrigation system in Tamil
Nadu

a) Well
5.Tamil

Nadu

b) Tank
Rice

a) Aduthurai

Research

c) Canal
institute

b) Cuddalore

d) Tube well

is in

c) Neyveli

d) Chennai

ill) Answer in brief.
1. What do you mean by subsistence intensive farming?
2. Write short notes on: a) mixed farming b) Plantation farming and c) market
gardening.

3. Name the factors influencing agriculture.
4. Bring out the significance of Kallanai in Tamil Nadu.

5. Distinguish between wet farming and dry farming.
6. Distinguish between marine fishing and deep sea fishing.
iv) Answer in a paragraph.
1. Describe the cropping seasons of Tamil Nadu.

2. Write a paragraph about Inland fishing.
3. Write about the changing trends in agriculture in Tamil Nadu.
4. Mention the efforts taken by the government in improving agriculture in the
state.

V) Mark the following on a given map of Tamii Nadu.
1. Granary of South lndia.
2. A region for cotton cultivation .

3. A region for growing tea.
4. A region for Cashew cultivation.
5. A region for sugarcane cultivation.

217

?
E
».'2
'{
4
Lgwwumgmgaaamgmuaauasgmmwgmgvaawgww

GroupActivity
Prepare a chart and make models of the different types of agriculture practices
discussed in the lesson. State the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Reasoning skills
Compare and contrast the traditional and modern methods of cultivation of any

one of crop grown in Tamil Nadu.
Find outthe methods of irrigation used by the farmers in Tamil Nadu.
. Map Skill
Mark the following in Tamil Nadu map with suitable colour and symbols.
District that cultivates paddy on all the three agricultural seasons .
Region that has artesian basin

Region famous for Poultry
Majorand

minorfishing Ports

District that grows rubber

218

CIVICS

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219

1. THE

UNION

GOVERNMENT

The Constitution of India provides

foraparliamentaryform
ofGovernment
The Parliament
represents
the
under
anelected
President.
Ithasthree unionLegislature
whichconsists
oftwo
wings;the legislature,
executive
and Housesthe UpperHouseCalled
jdi°ia"y&#39;
Council
ofStates
or Rajya
Sabhaand
the

lower

House

called

House

of

People or Lok Sabha.
Parliament

of India

N1
Not more than
250 Members

Not more than
Members

12 nominated

Not more

by president

than

530 elected
representatives
of people & 2 nominated
Anglo-Indian representatives
220

545

Not more

than

13 from UTs

The Lok Sabha

IS the popular

:5 He/she
must be mentally sound
and financially solvent.

house of the Indian parliament and
contains elected representatives of the

people. The Lok sabha as of today has
543 elected members. Out of these,
530 members
states

are elected

and 13 members

from different
from the Union

Territories. The President generally
nominates two members belonging to
the Anglo-Indian
community.
At

present, the Lok Sabha consists of 545
members.

Normally the Lok Sabha enjoys a
term of five years from the date of its
first session.

The term of the House

can

be dissolved by the President on certain
occasions, on the recommendation of
the

Prime

Minister

President

is

or

when

convinced

the

of

the

uncertainty of any group enjoying
necessary majority in the House. The
emergency
provisions
of the
Constitution

enable

the

President

to

prorogue or dissolve the Lok Sabha
either

on

the

advise

of

the

Prime

Minister or on being convinced that no

party or no alliance of Parties enjoys
necessary

majority

support

in the

House.

The Members

of the Lok Sabha

are

directly elected by the people of the
constituencies

Lok Sabha

Sabha

543

members

in number

of

Conducts

Lok

Lok

Sabha,

and two

Candidate

elections

For the sake

Anglo-Indian
members
. are
nominated by the President of India.
2. For

of

of indie arranges, supervises and

elected

are

on the basis

population. The Election Commission

Do you Know?
1. Present

created

the entire
of

can

contest the electiongfrom any part of

to the

of elections

nation

is divided

constituencies

which

more

or

less

on

the

Lok Sabha.

to Lok Sabha
in to number
are
basis

formed
of

the

population.
Universal

India.

Adult

Franchise

is

followed while electing the members of

uVr:>
A person
seeking
election
to the
Lok

Sabha

must

posses

the

following qualifications.
=> He / She must be a citizen
:>

He / She

must

the

Lok

sabha.

All

Indian

citizens

above 18 years of age who are
registered as voters will vote for their
representatives, This house as directly

of India.

not be less than

25

years of age.
:> He / she must not hold any office of
profit under the Union or State
Government.

221

elected, enjoys more financial powers
than the other House (Rajya sabha)
(e.g.) Money Bills can be introduced
only in the Lok sabha. Council of
Ministers
are collectively
and
individually responsible to Lok Sabha.

The Lok Sabha is presided over by
the speaker who is elected by its
Speaker the Deputy Speaker elected

A person seeking membership of
Rajya sabha must possess
the

by the members of the house presides

following qualifications.

over the session.

r:> He/she

members.

Can

In

You

the

absence

name

the

of

first

speaker of Lok Sabha ?

the

woman

=> He/she

*

must be a citizen
must

not

be

of India

less

than

30

years ofAge.
:> He/she must possess such other

qualification as may be prescribed
by the Parliament for that purpose
from time to time.
He/She

must

not be the member

the Lok Sabha
legislature.
He/She

of

or any other

must be a person

with

sound mind and financially solvent.
Tmt. Meera

He/she must not hold any office of

Kumar

profit under any government.

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent
house and is not subject to dissolution.
The members of the Rajya sabha are
elected for a term of six years. One third
of the members of Rajya sabha retire
every two years. The Vice President of

The Council of States or Rajya
sabha

consists

of 250 members

Out of

which 238 represent the states and the
Union Territories,
elected by the
method
12

of

indirect

nominated

election.

members

The

shall

be

India is the Exofficio Chairperson of
the Rajya
Sabha.
The Deputy

chosen by the President from amongst
persons having special knowledge or
practical experience in the eld of

Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha is
elected by the members of the Rajya

literature, science, art or social service.

Sabha.

Do you Know?

Name the present

1. Members should not exceed .250

Chairperson

and

Vice Chairperson of Rajya Sabha.

2. Nominated
membership
maygoup

Members of Rajya Sabha are
elected by the elected members of the
State

Legislative

accordance

with

Assemblies

the

system

in

of

proportional representation by means
of the single transferable vote. This

process of election is called lndirect
election as they are not elected by the
people directly.

as

Rajya Sabha
222

the Head of the Indian Republic or the
State.
As the

Parliament

consists

of two

houses, Rajya sabha and Lok sabha, it

is termed as bicameral legislature. The
main

function

of the

Indian

Parliament

is to make the laws for good
governance of the country. The laws
are made for the sake of peace,
security and progress of the nation as a
whole.

It has absolute

control

over

the

finances of the nation. It passes the
Union budget and decides on the taxes
to be paid by the people.
Parliament also has the power to
amend any provision of the Indian

Constitution by following specified
procedures. The President of India ,

Judges of Courts and other highest
constitutional

authorities

can

be tried

on grave charges and be removed from
their offices by the parliament and this
provision for parliamentary trial and
removal of persons is known as

Shri. Pranab Mukherjee
The

President

&#39;the Constitutional

is

head

of

also
the

the
Union

the Parliament is required to continue
with the emergency promulgated by the

Legislature
and Union Executive.
He/she
is also responsible
for
constituting the Judiciary. According

President.

to Article

impeachment powers. The approval of

53

of

the

constitution

the

executive power of the Union shall be
vested

The Union

the President,
his

Council

executive

Prime
of

consists

Minister

Ministers.

of

Minister.

The

party

or

and
The

accordance

the

coalition of parties, which enjoys a
majority in the Lok sabha is to select its
leader, who will be appointed as the
Prime Minister by the President

The

subordinate

223

shall

be

to

him

in

with the Constitution.

Constitution

qualifications

for

lays

down

a presidential

candidate.
He/she

should

be a citizen

of India.

He / she must have completed the
age of 35 years.
He / she must be eligible for election
as a member

According
to the
Indian
Constitution, the President of India is

which

exercised by him directly or through
officers

President is the highest executive
authority of the state. The executive
powers of the President are entrusted
to a team of ministers headed by the
Prime

in the President

of the Lok sabha.

He / she must not hold any ofce of
prot in the union, state or Local
government.

The President

cannot

5. Military Powers

be a member

of Parliament or of a State Legislature;
if she/he is a member of any legislature,

6. Diplomatic powers

her/his
seat will be deemed
to have
been
vacated
on the
date
she/he
assumes
the office of President.

The entire
carried

administration

on in the name

of India is

of the President.

Laws passed by the Parliament are
The President lS elected by an
electoral college in accordance with the
system of proportional representation

promulgated

with

President

authorized

is

his

assent.
to

The

make

a

of

number of appointments.
He/she
appoints the Prime Minister and other
members of Council of ministers, the

parliament and the elected members of

Judges of Supreme and High Courts,

the

Heads of the Election Commission, the

by means of single transferable vote.
The electoral college consists of the
elected

members

states

of

and

both

elected

houses
members

of

National Capital Territory of Delhi and
Puducherry. The President of India can

Attorney General, Chairperson and

be relieved

forces

from

his office

before

members of UPSC, heads of armed

the

expiry of his normal terms through the
process of impeachment (Art61). He
can also relinquish
his office
prematurely by tendering a resignation
to the Vice

President.

The

President

etc.

The

President

is

the

Supreme Commander of the armed
forces. He represents the State in
international

affairs.

is

elected for a term of five years and can

The legislative powers of the
President include summoning and

be re - elected.

proroguing both Houses of Parliament
and dissolving the Lok sabha, opening
<7E|ected

members

of Lok Sabha

and addressing Combined sessions of

<?Electedmembers of Rajya Sabha
<7e|ected

members

legislative
members

of

all

the Parliament.

All bills passed by the Parliament

state

become Laws of Acts only after
getting assent of the President. Money

assemblies/Elected
of

N.C.T

Delhi,

Bills

cannot

be

introduced

in

the

Parliament without his / her approval.
The President has the powers to
nominate twelve members to the Rajya
sabha
who are having
special

The powers of the President can
be divided into two categories
1. Powerin

normal

times

knowledge or practical experience in

2. Emergency powers

respect of such matters such as art,

in

literature

normal

times

the

president

science

or social

service

enjoys the following powers:
1. Executive

The President

Powers

2. Legislative Powers
3. Financial
4. Judicial

is not answerable

to

any court of law for exercise of his/her
power (however he/she can be

Powers

subjected

to

impeachment

by the

Parliament). He/she can pardon or

Powers

remit
224

or

suspend

a sentence

of

political continuity of the State; the

punishment given by the Court martial
or a sentence of death passed by a

Vice-President

Court.

power of the Union as and when the
President

The Constitution empowers the
President

to

have

control

over

the

exercises

is unable

the executive

to do

so

due

to

sickness or when the post of President
becomes vacant due to resignation,
death, or removal etc.

finances of the state. No money bill can
be introduced

in the Parliament

without

the previous sanction of the President.

Annual

Budget

of the

Central

Government is presented before the
Lok sabha by the Union Finance

Minister only with the permission of the
President. The Contingency Fund of
India is at the disposal of the President.
He can make

advances

out of it to meet

unforeseen expenditure before the
same is approved by the Parliament.

There

are

three

kinds

of

emergency powers of the president

Shri M. Hamid Ansari

sills
National Emergency
The President is given the powerto

make a proclamation of Emergency on
the ground of threat to the security of

The qualifications stipulated for the
post of president of India are also
applicable to the post of the Vice
President.

India, by war, external aggression or

during armed rebe||ion(Article 352).
sills
State Emergency
The President is empowered to
make
proclamation
that
the
Government
carried

of

on

in

a

state

accordance

cannot

be

with

the

illsFinancial emergency
declare

that

a

is empowered

situation

has

term

of

office

of

the

to

arisen

whereby the financial stability or credit
of India or of any part there of is
threatened (Art 360)

term either by resignation death or by

removal. He is eligible for re - election.
The

Vice-President

of

attached

to

President

as such.

the

of the Vice-President

ofce

of

provides
office

63

of

the

has been

created

to maintain

This
the
225

Vice-

function

is to act as the ex-

officio Chair person of the Council of
States. But if there occurs any vacancy
in the Office of the President by reason

of his / her death, resignation, removal
the

Constitution

for a Vice-President.

India

the

The normal

or othenlvise, the Vice President
Article

Vice-

occupies the second highest ofce in
the Country. No specific functions are

provision of the constitution (Art 356).
The President

The

President is five years. His / her office
may terminate earlier than the fixed

President

elected.

until

a new

acts as

President

is

policy making body which formulates
the policies and programmes of the

The post of Prime Minister first
originated in England and is borrowed

state. He / she is the principal advisorto
the President on all governmental

from there by the makers of our
constitution.

In fact

the

Prime

issues.

Minister

He / she is the Chief spokesperson

of India as his counter part in Britian is
the

de

facto

executive

head

of

of the Government. Thus the prime
minister becomes the political leader of

the

nation. According to the constitution of
India, the leader of the Majority party or
Majority group in the Lok Sabha is to be
appointed as the Prime Minister by the

the government.
He/she is the
Chairperson of all highest central
commissions
like the Planning

President

commission

of India.

the

finance

commission

and National integration Council.
The

number

of

members

of

the

council of Ministers are not specified in
the

constitution.

The

ministers

are

classified under three ranks (i)Cabinet
Ministers
(ii)Ministers
of State
(iii)Deputy Ministers.
1. Cabinet
Jawaharlal

The
members

Nehru

Prime

Minister

to

Council

his

Ministers

They constitute
of

a policy making

body of the government known as the
Cabinet. It is a collective body in which

nominates
Ministers

including his/her cabinet. Thus the

decisions

Prime

and functions

consensus or by majority. Normally the

of ministers.

cabinet
ministers
are assigned
important port folios such as Finance,
Home, ExternalAffairs and Railways.

Minister

becomes

as the head of the Council

The Prime Minister allocates port
folios
their

to other
functions.

ministers
The

and

Cabinet

monitors
under

the

are

2. Ministers

leadership of the Prime minister is the

taken

either

by

of State

They are also

in charge

of

ministries or departments but they do

not participate in the meetings of the
cabinet

unless

invited

to do so.

3. Deputy Ministers

They assist either the Ministers of
Cabinet or State in the performance of
the duties

entrusted

to them

Our constitution provides for the
establishment of an independent and
integrated judiciary with Supreme

\

Court as the highest court in the

Dr. Manmohan Singh
226

The Constitution also provides for

the appointment of judges (besides the
regular judges) to the Supreme Court
on an ad-hoc (temporary) basis.
The Chief Justice and otherjudges
of the Supreme Court hold the office

upto the age of 65 years. The judges of
the Supreme Court can resign before
Supreme Court

their term by giving their resignation in
writing to the President. The Parliament

country. Ourjudiciary is independent of

also has power to remove the Judges

the Legislative and Executive wings of

by invoking impeachment provisions.

the

Union

and

integrated

State

judiciary

Government.

An

means a single

judicial hierarchy forthe whole country.
The judiciary plays an important
role in protecting the rights and
freedom of the citizens. It plays an
important
role in analyzing
and

The

Supreme

Court

has

its

permanent seat in New Delhi (Capital
of India). It may also sit in any other
place in India which may be decided by
the

Chief

Justice

of

India

with

the

approval ofthe President of India.

interpreting the provisions of laws and
the constitution.

Composition
At

ofthe Supreme Court

the

Commencement

Constitution

in 1950

of

our

the

A. Judicial

Functions

The

Supreme

Guardian

Supreme

Court consisted of 8 judges including

of the Constitution.

including the Chief Justice

Original Jurisdiction

The

The

of Judges

Chief

Justice

of

India

is

The other Judges are appointed by the
President

in

consultation

with

the

Collegium with Chief Justice as Head.
Qualifications
Judges

of

Supreme

1 . He / She must be a citizen
2. He I She

should

have

Court

of India.
worked

as a

Judge of a High Court for at least 5
years.
3. He / She should

advocate

have worked

of a High

as

Court

an

for

atleast 10 years.

227

The two

Court are Original Jurisdiction and
Appellate Jurisdiction.

appointed by the President of India.

is the

main judicial functions of the Supreme

the Chief Justice. At present, the
Supreme Court consists of 26 Judges
Appointment

Court

cases

which

are

brought

directly in the first instance to the
Supreme Court come under original

jurisdiction. These may be (a) dispute
between

the Government

of India

and

one or more states of (b) Dispute
between two or more state(c)the cases
involving fundamental rights (dispute
over the enforcement) come under the
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The
writs issued by the Supreme Court for
the

enforcement

of

the

fundamental

rights are,

(1) Habeas corpus, (2) Mandamus,
(3) Prohibition, (4) Certiorari, (5) quo
Warranto.

categories. But all the courts in India
are administered and controlled by the
Supreme Court.

The Supreme court as well as the

State High Courts can issue the above
mentioned 5 writs under Right to
Constitutional Remedies to protect the
Fundamental Rights guaranteed to the

Recently for giving speedy and
cheaper justice especially for the poor

people (citizens) by the Constitution.
That is why the Supreme Court is called
the Guardian

people Lok Adalats (people&#39;s
courts)
have been established.

of the Constitution.

Consequent to the Legal Services

1)Writ
of Habeas
Corpus:
Safeguards people from illegal

Authorities
came

arrests.

It protects
the petitioner
who
requires legal help to get his work
done
by respective
public

3) Prohibition
It prohibits a subordinate court from

Lok

Adalats

These

are

courts.

If you want to knowmore about
thesecourts. the advertisements in the

acting beyond its jurisdiction.

local newspapers are of greathelp.
Even in TamilNadu,lthese courts have

4) Certiorari

settled many of the cases. Such courts

It quashes an order issued by a
subordinate court by overstepping
its jurisdiction.

are known as fasttrack courts.
The

Judicial

office.

seek

advice

of

As regards
the Appellate
Jurisdiction, the Supreme Court hears

with

a law

known

as

can declare

as

unconstitutional

Judicial

Review.

is

By

a law null and void when

it

is found against the Constitution. Thus

a certicate

it checks the arbitrary power of the
executive and the legislature. Hence,

from the High Court that it is fit to appeal
in the Supreme Court.

the Supreme Court is rightly known as

Functions
chain

declare

Judicial Review, the Supreme Court

appeals against the decisions of the
High Court in Civil, Criminal and
cases

Review

The power of the judiciary to

Jurisdiction

a

can

questions of law orfact.

It prevents usurpation of a public

Administrative

President

A

the Supreme Court on important

5) Que Warranto

is

1987

categories of cases can be settled by
these

There

of

existence.

Adalat to save time, energy and money.
Except criminal
cases, all other

authorities.

Constitutional

to

organized at different levels for quick
disposal of pending cases. One should
try to settle his/her case through a Lok

2) Mandamus

Appellate

Act

in

of

courts

of

different types for providing justice to
the aggrieved. At present there are 21
High Courts. (some High courts look
after cases from more than one state).

the Guardian

ofthe

Activity T

L

Constitution.

Viis integratedand independent
judiciaryessentialin India?Ifsowhy? A

Below the high courts there are the

Doyouknow?_A
The SupremeCourt cannot

subordinate

interferein the judgmentsdeclared by

courts

of

different

228

theMilitaryTribunals.Noappealcanbe

Qualification for thejudges

taken from Military Tribunals to

I) He/she must be a citizen of India.

Do you know ?

ii) Must have at least ten years
experience as judge of a court in any

SupremeCourt.C. 2

territory of India.
There
isone Co,urtefor.Punjab,

Haryana and

Union Territory

of

Chandigargh. Similarly, there is one
High Court in Chennai for Tamilnadu

andthe UnionTerritoryjofPuducherry.
Can you give any other example?

I

Of

iii) Must have at least ten years
experience as an Advocate in one

or more High Courts in India.
Originally the age of retirement of

the judges was fixed at 60. By the 15

As per the article 214 of the
constitution, there shall be a High Court

Amendment

in each state. There may be a common

raised

High Court for two or more states or
union territory, if it is sanctioned by a
law of the Parliament.

All other

courts

in

to the Constitution

in 1963

the age of retirement of the judges was
to 62.

Powers

and functions

of the High

Court

The High Court has two types of

the state are supervised by the High

Court. The appeals from the High

jurisdictions

Courts are tried in the Supreme Court

Jurisdiction andAppellate

oflndia.

Original Jurisdiction

The state High Court consists of a
Chief Justice and other judges. They
are all appointed by the president of
India. The number ofjudges differ from

Court

the Constitution, the State High Court is
empowered to issue writs and orders in

time to time as it is not xed.

the enforcement of fundamental rights

Activity

_

is restricted.

Justice
Original Jurisdiction
(Cases tried at
first instance)

Appellate Jurisdiction
(Cases tried as appeals
from the Lower Courts)

with the Chief Justice of India, and the
of the concerned

226 of

I

I V ?

The President appoints the Chief
Justice of a High Court in consultation
Governor

article

High Court

functioning under thejurisdictionsof the
Appointment
of the Chief
and other Judges

Under

and also other purposes. The original

_
I I

Original
Jurisdiction.

The original Jurisdiction of the High

C What are the differentcourts
hihcourtinthestate?

namely

state.

The

chief justice of the high court is also
consulted by the President in the
appointment of otherjudges. Generally,
a senior most judge will be appointed
as the ChiefJustice.

High Court
229

jurisdiction extends to the matter of
admiralty, matrimonial (marriage and
divorce), company law and contempt of

Power of judicial

Like the Supreme Court, the High
Court also has the power of judicial

court.

review. If any law goes against the
Constitution, the High Court can

The High Court like Supreme Court
can issue

writs

in the nature

declare

of Habeas

and

Certiorari

for

such

law

null

and

void

(ineffective). Thus it checks the
arbitrary power of the executive and the

Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo
Warranto

review

the

enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

legislature.

Article

There is a bench of Madras High Court
functioning in Madurai.

226.

Appellate Jurisdiction
Under Appellate

Jurisdiction,

Even though all the three wings are
independent organs, they cannot go

the

High Court is empowered to try both
Civil and Criminal cases. The High

beyond their limit in administration. if

Court also hear cases involving
interpretation of the Constitution or law.

any one organ violates the Constitution
or misuses its power, the other organ

in performing its judicial functions,
the High Court enjoys full power and
freedom to act within itsjurisdiction.

will check its power and safeguard the

Activity

the

people from being affected by it. This is

called system of Checks and
Balances. Thus it is clearly seen that

Findoutwhatarethecourts
below
the*High Court inta state? Who is a

sessions
judge? A

T

Doyouknow?V

Executive,

Judiciary
respective

is V

Legislature

enjoy freedom
spheres

of

and

in their
activities.

Similarly the judiciary safeguards the
federal arrangement by preventing
both the central government and state
government from encroaching in to the
rights of each other.

LV

In civil cases,a first appealfor a
secondappealfrom lowercourtsare
entertained bythe High Court- T

Activity,
, S _.
V
Learnmore aboutthe importance

in criminal cases, the High Court
tries the cases as an appeal against the
judgement ofasessions
judge or an
additional sessionsjudge.

oflawandjustice
forman
kind.
Know
morethings
aboutjhow
the

Administrative

various courts in the state are

powers

functioning.

There is a hierarchy of courts and

Besides
thelawcourtswhatare

judicial officers in the state. The High
Court supervises the working of all
subordinate

courts.

The

other

theother courtsprevalentin theState?

courts

have to follow the rules and regulations
framed by the high court. The High
Court inspects the files of the lower
courts.

it can

transfer

the

cases

from

one court to another. it may even call for
returns

from the subordinate

courts.

230

EXERCISE

I) Choose the correct answer.
1. The parliamentof India consistof
a) one house

b) two houses

c) three houses

d) none

. Prime Ministeris appointed by
a) Lok sabha

b) Councilof Ministers

c) Rajya sabha

d) The President

. Lok Sabha

has

elected

members.

a) 530
b) 238
c) 545
d)25O
. Membersof Lok Sabha are elected by
a) indirectelection

b) Directelection

c) Chair person

d) Prime minister

. The upper house is known as

a) Rajya Sabha

b) Lok Sabha

c) Cabinet

d) Parliament

. The head of the Indian Republic and Union is

a) Speaker

b) Vice President

c) President

d) Supreme Court Judge

. Money bills cannot be introduced without the approval of

a) Parliament

b) Prime Minister

c) President
d) AttorneyGeneral
. The Union Finance Ministerpresentsthe Annual Budget before
a) The Parliament

b) The Lok Sabha

c) Rajya Sabha

d) Prime minister

. The Article of the constitution provides for a Vice President

a) Article53
10. The President

b) Article 356

c) Article 360

d)Artic|e 63

of India is

a) Mrs. Sonia Gandhi

b) Dr. ManmohanSingh

c) Shri. Pranab Mukherjee

d) Dr. Abdul Kalam

11. Supreme Court Judge is appointed by

a) Cabinet Minister
c) Prime Minister

b) Membersof the Parliament
d) President

12. Numberof Judgesin Supreme Court
a)26

b)15

c)9

d)12
231

13. The Supreme Court Judges retire at the age of
a) 62

b) 65

14. Lok Adalat

was

c) 58

introduced

d) 60

in

a) 1950
b) 1987
15. The Supreme Court is in
a) Chennai

b) Mumbai

c) 1984

d) 2000

c) Kolkata

d) New Delhi

ll) Answer briefly.

1. What are the qualifications to become the Rajya Sabha Member?
2.

How

is the Prime

Minister

elected?

. What is a bicameral legislature?
. Explain the term the Lok Sabha.

. What is the Electoral college?
. Who are all appointed by the President?
. When is the emergency power declared ?
. How

is the Vice

President

elected

?

. What are the qualifications of the Supreme Court Judge ?
10. What is the original jurisdiction ?
11. Describe

about

the Judicial

review

12. Write the functions of the High Court Judge.
13. Explain the power of the Appellate.
Ill) Answer in a paragraph.
1. What are the powers and functions of the Parliament?
2. Explain about the Council of Ministers
3. Explain the power of the President
4. What

are the functions

of the Vice

President

?

5. Explain the power and functions of the Supreme Court

6. Explain the role of the High Court Judges.
tttttttt«,t;¬«;M«;
tttttttttttttttt
NM»
t
W

in

Prepare a chart with pictures to show the Prime Ministers of India from 1947 to 2013.
Make a list often powers and responsibilities of the Government under

a) The Union list
b) The state list
c) The concurrent list
Draw mind type to show the duties of the President and Prime Minister of India.
Collect news clipping and stick in yourscrap book on the laws orActs currently being
debated upon in the legislature.

Prepare a class constitution outline the rights and duties of the student in your class.
Draw a line diagram to show the structure of the Parliament of India.
232

ECONOMICS
1. DEMAND

AND

Economics plays a vital role in

SUPPLY

1.Taste

every man&#39;s
day to day life. Economic
terms, like demand and supply are that
most related and important terms used
in every day life.

and

preference

2.Price

of Consumers

4.Expectation of future price rise

What does it mean? It is just a desire.

5.|ncome

Distribution

But in economics it is not merely a
desire, it is the desire backed by

6.Climate

and Weather

Activity

purchasing power in terms of money. It
is

called

effective
In other

demand
words

demand

the

of substitutes

3.Number

We often speak about demand.

economics.

of

consumers.

* A

W

W

in

_ Teais thesubstitute
forcoffee.

is

Write some ten products and their
substitutes.

the desire to purchase and ability to pay

W

fora good.
We explain effective demand by a
statement

Supply

of demand.

1.What

from

Statement of supply

is Demanded?
is Demanded?

1.What is Supplied?

4. At what price it is Demanded?

2.When is Supplied?

3. Where

A

statement

that

answers

3.Where is Supplied?

the

above questions is called demand. Ex:

4.At what price Supplied?

Last week Ram bought two dozens of

The answers to these questions

hand kerchiefs at a price of ? 50 per
dozen at Trichy.
Find

out

answers

for

the

can be derived from the following
statement of supply Ex:Raju sold

above

Activity .

Form
some
rstaternents
oft demand
L A Constitute-some
r
A

foryourfavouritegoods.

perishable

goods

demand

like fish,

Like demand supply also depends
on price. But there are also other

both
durable

factors that influence supply. They are

goods like chair. The demand for all the
goods depend on price. So price is the
determinant
determinates

of

demand.

of demand

more supply

statementsto understandtheconcept
Properly»

So demand comes from the people
who buy goods. They are called

They

2 Kg

of mangoes yesterday at Tnagar at a
priceof ¬50 per Kg.
Activity A A A A

questions from the given statement.

consumers.

producers.

sale ata given price.

is Demanded?

2.When

come

Supply means the amount offered for

1. Production technology.
2. Prices

Other

are

offactors.

3. Prices of other products.
233

4. No. of producers.
5. Future price expectations.
6. Taxes

and subsidies.

7. Non-economic

factors

like natural

The

shows

ca|amities,war,epidemics etc.

above

the

demand

schedule

different

quantities

demanded at different prices by an

Activity

individual

Mention
some
Taxesof
Central
and

Kg. when the price falls from 3 25 to

State Governments.

consumer

consumer.

When the price of mangoes is
? 25per Kg, the consumer demands 1
? 20,

? 15,

? 10,

increases

?5

the demand

the
from

1 to 2,3,4 and 5 Kgs respectively. This
shows that with a fall in price the
demand

increases.

It

indicates

the

indirect relationship between price and
demand.

We have seen that price is the main
determinant

of demand.

influence

the

How

does

demand?

it

This

relationship is explained by the law of
demand.

Law of demand: If price rises the
demand

falls, if price falls demand

rises. This show

relationship

that there

between

is an indirect

price

and

demand.
Alfred

smaller must be the price at which it is
In

other

words

the

The following
the

relationship
demand.

From your friend draw a demand
schedule of some commonly used
products.

Exemptions to the law of demand:
This law is not applicable to necessary
goods like, rice, luxury goods like
gold, diamond. In these cases when
the price rises demand also rises and
when the price falls demand also falls.

demand

inverse

between

or

Activity

amount

demanded increased with a fall in price
and diminishes with a rise in price.
shows

L

Marshalls&#39;sLaw of demand:

The greater the amount to be sold, the
offered.

Activity

schedule
indirect

price

and

List
out
the
necessaries,
comforts
and luxuriesand

find out the price and

demand relationship by conducting a
random sample survey.

As a main determinant of supply

the price influences the supply. This law
explains the relationship between price
and supply.
Law of supply:
As the price of a commodity rises

the quantity supply is extended and
and as the price of the commodity falls
the quantity
supply is contracted.

This is called the law of supply.
In other

words

there

is a direct

The quantity offered for sale is directly

From the above

table

it is clear that

proportional to it&#39;s
price. If the price
increases the quantity offered for sale

when the price is

also increases and if the price falls the

wheat.

quantity offered for sale also falls.

increases to x20 the supply of wheat

1 Kg of wheat is supplied to the market
When

the

? 10 per Kg of
price

of wheat

rises to 2Kg. From ? 20 the price rises
to ? 30, ? 40, ? 50 and ? 60 per

Pricei(lnRs)L supply (inKilos)

Kg the supply of wheat also rises to
3Kg, 4Kg, 5Kg and 6Kg respectively. it
is simple to observe that as the price of
wheat increases the quantity supplied
also increases.

Activityl_,

1

iWrite supply schedules for some

productsofuyourchoice. 1

EXERCISE

I) Choose the Correct answer.
1. There exists an indirect relationship between

a) Price and demand
b) Price and supply
c) Price and income
d) Price and Tax.
. Law of demand is only applicable to
a) Necessaries
b) Comforts
c) Luxuries
d) Very low priced goods.
. One of the determinants

of demand

a) Taste and preference
c) No of producers

is

b) Production technology
d) Price of factors of production

ll) Write short notes on.
1. Alfred

Marshal&#39;s
Law of demand

2. Law of supply.
3. List out the determinants of supply.
lll) Write in a paragraph.
1. With the help of a table explain the law of demand.

235

11

I can, I did
Student&#39;s
Activity

Record

Subject:
S1.No

Date

Lesson

Topic of the

Activities

Remarks