1. India ~ Location and Physiography
The

India is a large country located in
South Asia with rich civilization.

It has

often amazed and intrigued the rest of

the world by its nite variety of castes
and creeds, a tradition of religious
toleration, a capacity for survival and
the

maintenance

of

traditions.

Its cultural

crossed

its

immemorial

timeless

inuences

border

and reached

It acts as a

its

from

had

and

far off lands.

bridge between

between

the East

'Bharat'
refers

to

the

ancient, mighty king Bharat and the
name 'Hindustan'
is given after the
river

Sindhu.

The

Europeans

aftenivards started referring to this
country as indie a derivative of the
word '8indhu.
Today, the officially
recognized name of the country is
India.

time

developedand developingcountriesof
the world

name

and

continent
possesses
distinct
characteristics of diverse,

1) Physicalfeatures,

the West. India's
strength lies in its

2) Climaticconditions,

geographyas muchas in itsculture.

3) Naturalvegetation,

In
known

4) Mineralresources,

historical times, India was
as Bharat
and *Hindustar:.

Human habitations,

mt.
Australia

.3

'
\

6) Cultural norms,

23/z°N runs across the countryand

7) Ancientethnicand linguisticgroups

divides it into two equal halves.

and

It covers an area of 32,87,263 Sq.km,

with 1210 millions population (2011

8) Hugearea.
All

these

characteristics

Hence,

we

distinctive
are

found

consider

Census). It stretches from Kashmir in

continental
in

India

India.

as

a

subconnent

the northto iianyakumsriin the south,
for about3,214 Km and fromGujaratin
the west

to Arunachal

Pradesh

in the

north east for about 2,933Km. It has
coastline of about 5,51 6km inclusive of
the main land, Lakshadweep, and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

India's
position is favourable for
trade,

commerce

and

economic

India extends from 8°4'
N to 37°6'N
activities by connecting India with
latitudes and 68°7'E
to 97°25'E Europe throughSuez Canal and also

Iongitudes. The Tropic of Cancer

with China,

Japan

and Australia

throughNlalaccan strait.

Ocean in the south. Kanyakumari
or Cape Comorin constitutes the
southern tip ofthelndian peninsula.

Pall-r:Strait separates India and
Sri Lanka on the South. The Himalayas

along with Hinduktrsh and Karakeram
provide a natural boundary on the
Longitudes help us to calculate the
time of a place. The 82°30 E longitude
is

taken

as

Indian

Standard

Time

Meridian (IST), as it passes through
the

middle

of

This is 5 hours

India

near

30 minutes

Allahabad.
ahead

of the

north.

The

Islands

of

Andaman

and

Nicobar and Lakshadwsep are the
parts of Indian Union situated in the

Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea,
respectively.

Greenwich Mean Time (0° longitude).
After independence
Indian

Government

in 1947, the

established

IST as

the official time for the whole country,

H1)
Indiahasunique
landfszwms
ranging from the highest peaks to
the lowest plains. In the north India,
Mount Godwin Austin, othenivise

known as Mount K2 is the highest
peak of India and coastal plains are
the lowest

in the south

India.

2) The climate varies from the tropical
to the temperate zone. Cherrapunii
in Msghalaya receives the highest
amount

of rainfall, whereas

the

Thar Qesert receives very low
rainfall.

We have wet dense tropical forest

on the Western Ghats, mangrove
Aseries of mountain ranges in the
east separates India from Myanmar.
India has the following neighbouring
countries. They are: Pakistan in the
west, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan,
tlihina in the north, and Bangladesh
and Myanmar on the east. India is
bounded

by Arabian

sea

in the

southwest, by the Bay of Bengal in the
east

and

southeast

and

the

Indian

trees

in the

Sunderbans

of West

Bengal and the shrubs and sparse
vegetation in the Thar Desert.

4) The diversity
environment
India an ideal
ora

of the physical

and climate
habitat

has made

for varieties

of

and fauna.

5) India is a secutar country with total
freedom of worship. People follow

Hinduism,
Sikhism,

Christianity,

Buddhism,

Islam,

Jainism and

Zorastrianism
with cultural
diversities. In spite of its physical,
religious and racial varieties, the
Indian culture unites all people.
Hence India is known for her Unity

mdNerS.w.s_

_ _

Itisourprimedutytoconserveand
transmit

our cultural

values

to the

future generation of our country and it
is our duty to prove ourselves as
Indians.

Indiahas beendividedinto28
States and 7 Union Territories on the

People
shedalltheirdifferences basiS of th e la n9Uage fo r

andStandtogetherwhenthereis a

administrative
convenience.Delhi is

eS'5The best examplesare
Kargil invasions and natural

the NationalCapitalaswellasthe
Capita|ofUnionTe"-itor-y_

calamities

like floods

and Tsunami.

India

- Political

ivision

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Physiography
means the
descriptionof physicalrelieffeaturesof
a country. India is a land of great
physical contrasts. The peninsular
plateaus constituteone of the most
stable

and ancient

land block

on the

earth.The Himalayasand Great Plains
representthe most unstablezones. It
is importantto understandthe varied
physicalfeaturesof India,whichcame
into existence during different
geological

periods

through

and

differentgeologicalprocesses.
The

land

of

India

accounts

differences in geologil

Pradesh in the east. Many of the
ranges rise more than upto 8,000
metres

above

the

mean

sea

level.

These mountainsextend throughthe
states of Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh.

Utlaranchal,West Bengal,Sikkimand
Arunachal

Pradesh.

The Himalayas are not a
continuousrange of mountainsbut a
series of several, more or less parallel
or converging ranges separated by

valleys and plateaus. Let us see how
theywere fonned?
for

stmcture.

Millionsof years ago, there was
only one large land mass on the

Based on the structure, India is divided

surface

into ve physiographical divisions.
Theyare:

surroundedby oceanson all sides.The
Iandmass was called 'Pangea',
surroundedby a water body,knownas
'Pantha|asa'.
This largeland masssplit
up into two parts. The northern part
was known as 'AngaraIand'
and the
southern part was known as
'G0ncIwana
land. The sea separating
these two was calledthe Tethys sea.

I. Northern

mountains

ll. Northern GreatPlains
III. PeninsuIarPlateaus

IV. Coastal Plains
V. Islands

of

the

Earth

and

it was

Gcndwens Incl

The

Northern

Mountains

are

the

greatest mountainranges. The upper
slopes of many of the ranges are
permanently covered with snow and
hence they are known asthe'Abode
of Snow or the Himalayas. This is the
highest mountain range ofthe world.

It extends, in the shape of an arc,
for a distance of 2,500 km from west to

east between the Indus gorge in
Jammu and Kashmir in the west and

Brahmaputra gorge in Arunachal

Formationof Himalayas

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This sea stretched along an east-west
direction. The river from Arigara and
Gonclwanadeposited their silts along
the Tethys Sea. After a long period, the
deposits due to tectonic forces uplifted
to

form

fold

mountains

called

the

east from the west. The steep slopes,
the high pointed peaks and parallel

ranges of the Central Himalayas
indicate that Himalayas are young fold
mountains.
These
ranges
are
interspersed by valleys and plateaus.

Himalayan ranges.
The Aravalli Range in India is
one of the 'oldest'
mountain ranges of

There are three parallel ranges found
in the central Himalayas from north to

the

i) Himadri

world.

The

Himalayas

is an

example of young fold mountains.
The

Himalayas

are

south. They are:

ii) Himachal

further

iii) Siwaliks

subdivided into three parts from west
to east. They are:

I) Himadri

I. Wesiem Himalayas
.2. Gentrai Hirimayas
3. Eastern Himaiayas

of Himalayas. The average height of

Himadri is the northern most range
this range is 6,000 metres. It extends

from Indus Valley in the north west to

The Western Himalayas are also

Brahmaputra in the northeast.
It
consists of several peaks of the world.

known the Trans-Himalayas. The lofty

Mt. Everest is the highest peak of the

Karakoram

world with an altitude of 8,343 m. The

Mountains

extend

India's
frontier with Afganistan and

other peaks of Himadri are liamhen
uiunga (8.593 ml, Mange Parbat
(81,126in), Qhautagiri {8,l6?'
mi) and
Hands Devi (?,8¥7 ml. Many glaciers

China.

which

eastwards from Pamir Knot, which lies

in the North West India. These ranges
in

the

southwest
Godwin

of
Austin

Kashmir
known

form
as

K2

(8,611 metres), the world's
second
highest peak, belongs to this range.
The Karakoram pass has acquired

special importance now. Balterai and
Siachenare the two big glaciers, found
to the

south

of Karakoram.

two parallel

ranges,

Ladakh and Zaskar.

There

are

known as the
The extension

of

Ladakh range is Ladakh plateau, and
it is the highest plateau of India. It lies in
the northwest

of Kashmir.

are source

of rivers

are found

in

Himadri. For example, Gt-3,l"¥Q§l"l
and
Yamumatriglaciers are the sources of
Ganga
and Yamuna
rivers,
respectively.
Passes are the natural gaps
across the mountains. They provide

route to us with neighbours. Zojila pass
in Kashmir Sltiplcila in Himachal
Pradesh and Nathula and Jelepls in
Sikkim are the most important passes
across

Himadri.

ii}Hima1c:h!a!
The
from

Himalayas,

Pamir

Knot

in

which
the

radiate

southeast

direction is called Central Himalayas.
The

width

varies

from

400

km in the

west to 150 km in the east. The height
of the mountains increasing towards

Himachal

lies

between

the

Himadri in the north and iwaliiks in the
south.

It extends

over

a variable

width

of 80 km in average. The altitude varies
from 3,700 m to 4,500 m. It is a highly
rugged topography consisting of spurs

the Eastern boundary of India is called
and dissected uplands. Pia'pan§aE"
in
Purvahal. They are of medium
Kashmir is the longest range of
height. They comprise of Patkai hills
Himachal region. Qhauladar ranges
stretches
from Jammu
and Kashmir
and the Mega Hills in the North and the
valley, Khangra valley and Kulu valleys
are in between these ranges. The

MM Hills in the south. At the centre,
they take a westward turn along the
Bangladesh-India
border
in

popular hill resorts,
Srinagar,
Pahelgam, Gulmarg, Mussourie,

Jaintia, Khasi and (Earn hills from East

Shimla

to west.

across

Himachal

and

Pradesh.

Nainital

are

Kashmir

located

here.

Meghalaya. Here they consist of

The places of pilgrim interests such as
Amarnath, Kedarnath, Badrinath and
Vaishnavidevi temples are the assets
of the Himachal ranges.

iii) Siwaliks
Siwaliks

is

the

southern

most

The

Northern

Great

Plains

are

located at the south of Himalayas.
These are formed by the deposits of
Indus, the Ganga and Brahmaputra
rivers. It extends over a length of

height is 1,000 m. It is a discontinuous

2,400km. It covers an area of over 7
lakh sq.km. Important characteristics

range, made up of mud and soft rocks.

include

The narrow longitudinal valleys called

Bhabar (unassorted sediments) Terai
(marshy track) Bhangar (Older
Alluvium) and Khadar
(newer
alluvium).
The Bhabar lies along the foothills

range of the Himalayas. Its average

Duns are found in Siwaliks.

The best

example is Debra Dun. Along the
foothills of Siwaliks, pebbles and
gravels are being deposited

by the

rivers. Te.:aiplain is made up of
deposits of fine silts in the south of
Siwalik. It supports the growth of thick
forests and marshy lands.
Brahmaputra

river

marks

the

Eastern most geographical limit of the
Himalayas.

These

mountains

along

the

soil

features

such

as

at about 8 to 16km wide. The rivers,

coming from the mountains, deposit
their load along the foot hills in the form
of alluvial fans. The porosity of the
deposits is so high that streams sinks
and disappears in the bhabartract and

ow underground. The area is marked
by dry river courses.

India: fl-ia:rt.hernpiaires

The Terai is a marshy tract, where

most of the underground streams of

there is a large area of inland drainage.
It has several dry river beds.

the bhabar belt reappear. The terai belt
is located
bhabar
30km

towards

tract
wide.

and

the

south

is about

It is a zone

of the
15km

to

of excessive

dampness. It helps to the growth of
forests and variety of wildlife. Most of
the Terai land has been developed into
farmlands.

The Bhangar represents the
alluvial terrace. It is formed by
thedeposition of older alluvium which
lies above flood-limit of the plains.

Bhangar is mainly composed of clay.
The

Kfzadar

is

the

There are several

newer

alluvium brought by the rivers. It is

deposited in the flood-plains along
their banks. It is enriched by fresh
deposits of silt every year during the
oods.
Northern

Plains

can

be

divided

into the following regions.

Rajasthan plain is found located in
the west of Aravalli Range and it
640kms

with

an

average width of about 300kms. It
covers western Rajasthan where two

thirds of this region is desert. It is about
300

metres

above

mean

sea

Great

Indian

extends

for

Desert.
about

level.

These

640km

to the south

The Punjab

1. Rajasthan Piain

about

The fertile plains of Punjab and
Haryana lies to the northeast of the

west

plains

from

the

and about

the Delhi ridge separates the Punjab
Haryan a Plains from the Ganga plain.

4. Brahmaputra Plain

for

2. Punjab-Haryana {Plains

300km from west to east. In the east,

3. Ganga Plain

extends

lakes In

Rajasthan plain. The largest is the
Sambhar Lake, which is located about
65km west of Jaipur.

northeast

1. Rajasthan plain
2. Punjab Haryana plain

saline

In

general, the eastern part of the desert
is rocky, while western part has shifting
sand dunes.

This plain is drained by a number
of seasonal streams, originating from
the Aravalli ranges. Luni is an
important river of this region. It flows
into Rann of Kutch. In north of Luni,

Haryana plains are

formed by depositional activities of the
sutluj, Beas, Ravi rivers. The
southeastern part of the plains,
bordering the Rajasthan plain, is sandy

and has shifting sand dunes. The area
between Ghaghra and the Yamuna
rivers lies in Haryana and forms the
Haryana plain. It acts as water- divide

(doab) between the Yamuna and the
Sa'tlej
River.

part of the delta called the Slirldarbaans

3. Ganga Plain
The Ganga plain is the largest
plain. It extends from the Yamuna river

in the west upto Bangladesh in the
east, covering a distance of about
1500 Km. with an average width of
300km.

It covers

the

states

of Uttar

Pradesh, Bihar and west Bengal.The
Ganga along its large number of
tributaries,suchas Ramganga,Gomti,
Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi,Yamuna etc,
from the north and Son, Chambal,
Betwa etc. from the south, have

broughtlarge quantitiesof sand and
silt from the mountainsand plateaus
respectively, and deposited in this vast

plain. The general slope of the entire
Ganga plain is towards the east and
the southeast.The average elevation
of the plain is about 200m above the
sea level

is

covered

with

thick

tidal

and

mangrove forests. The sea facing
regionof the delta has a large number
of estuaries,mangroveswamps,sand
banks and islands.

A Brahmaputra Wait:
The easternmost part of the
northern plains is drained by the
BrafimapwtrsRfwefand its numerous
tributaries. The Brahmaputra River
originatesin Tibet and is locallyknown
as Tsargpo (the puriers). Before
entering India, it cuts through the

Dltaarm
and enters the Assam
valley.This plain is about 720km long
and

about

60-100km

wide.

The

general slope is from the northeastto
the southwest. The region is
surroundedby high mountainsexcept
onthewest.

The Ganga and the Yamunarivers
are

sacred

to

the

followers

of

the

Hinduism.Thus many religiousplaces
have developedalong the bank of the
sacred rivers, such as, Haridwar,
Mathura, Varanasi, Allahabad and so

on. The
developed
educational

religious places have
into

large

cultural,

and tourist centres

REvsr~A,ssm

A large number of tributaries
coming from the Assam hills in the
north join the main river and form
alluvial fans. There are large marshy
tracts

in this area.

The

have led to the formation

e

ower

pa

e

anga

an

the Brahamputra rivers divided into
several channelsin this regionto form
the largestdelta in the world.The lower

alluvial

fans

of Terai.

The peninsularplateau is located
to the southof northerngreat plains. It
is triangular in shape and covers an
area of about 16 lakh sq.km. It is
surrounded by hill ranges on all sides,

such as the Aravalli,Vindhya,Satpura

drained

and Rajmahal ranges in the north, the

Subarnarekha, Koel and Barakar

Western

river systems.The amntziar River
ows from west to east throughthe
middle of this region. This region

Eastern

Ghats

in the

west

and

the

Ghats in the east.

The average height of this plateau
varies between

600-900

mts above the

mean sea level. The general slope is
from west to east,

while

in the

Narmada Taptiregionit isfromeast to
west.The

Narmada

River

divides

the

peninsular plateau into two unequal
parts. The northern part is called the

by

Damodar,

has a series of plateaus and hills,

such as the Hazaribaghplateau to
the north of the lI}arnedar River,

Ranchi giateau to the south and
the Rajmtahal hills in the north
eastam part.
B} eccan plateau

entral E-iighlands
and the southern
it covers an area of about 5 lakh
partiscalledtheecazsanFlateau'. sq. km. It is bounded by the satpura
and the Vindhya ranges in the

A) CentralI-iiyghiand

northwest, the Mahadev and Maikala

T1)Malwa Plateau is bounded by the
Aravali range, the Vindhya Range
and Bundelkhand.It is made up of
lava and is covered

The

Chemical

tributaries

have

with black soil.

iver

and

its

created

ravines

in

the northern part of the plateau.

2) The Bundalkhand
towards

the south

in the west, and the Eastern Ghats in
the east. The Deccan plateau slopes

fromwestto east.That iswhythe rivers
like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and
Kaveri ow eastward and join the Bay

of Bengal. The northern part, also

is located

of the Yamuna

River and is composedof igneous
and metamorphic rocks. In the

northern part, the Ganga and
Yamuna system have deposited
alluvium. The hilly areas are made

up of sandstoneand granite.Some
rivers like Betwa

rangesin the north,the Westernhats

and Ken have

carved out deep gorges.

known as the Deccan trap is made up
the lava rocks and has black regur
soils. In the southern part, the

iiamataka plateau merges with the
NiigiziHills. The Telengana plateau is
drained by the Godavari, Krishnaand
Pennaru

rivers

I) Aravali Range IS one of the
oldest fold mountain systems in the
world. From northeast to southwest, its

The Bfaghaikhand
liesto the east of
Mail-cala,Range. It is made up of

extent

sandstone

metres,

and

limestone

in the

west and granite in the east. The
central part of the plateaus acts as
water

divide

between

the son and

towards

Plateau

the northeast.

800km.

In

the

north,the averageheightisabout 400
about

while
900

in the south it is

metres.

Gu~rushikh.ar

(about 1722 metres) in the Abu hillsis
the highest peak of the Aravalli
eroded

located

about

range. The Aravalli ranges are highly

the Mahanadhi drainage basins.

4) The Ghatanagpur

is

is
It is

and dissected.

ii) VinadhyaRange rises as an
escarpment
overlooking
the
Narmada Valley,and runs parallelto it

in

the

east

-

west

direction

for

about 1200km. It is composed of
sand stone, lime stone and shale. It
acts

as

a

watershed

between

the

Ganga river system and the river
systems of south India.

the coastal plains of Kerala with Tamil
Nadu by roads and railways.
The highest peak of South India is
imai Mud? (2695m) which is the nodal

iii) sawura rarlegai
lies between the
Narmada and the Tapti rivers. It is a
series

of seven

hills

and

stretches

for about 900km. A major Part of the
Satpura Range has height of more
than 900 meters.

CT)Westem Ghats
Western

Ghats

are

continuous

range of hills running in the NorthSouth

direction

and form

the western

edge of the Deccan plateau. Its extent
is about 1600km from the Tapti valley in
the north upto Kanyakumari

in the

south. The western Ghats rise abruptly
from the western coastal plain. That is
why on the western side, the rivers ow
swiftly and make a number of
waterfalls like the Jog falls(270mts) on
the Sharavati River. The slope is gentle
towards

the

Western

Ghats

eastern

side

and the main

Westam ghalzs
point from which hill ranges, like
Anaimalai

in the north,

northeast

and cardamom

radiate.

The western

Palani

in the

in the south

Ghats

terminate

about 20km north of cape comorin.
Kodaikanal

is a hill station

which

lies in

the southern tip of the Palani hills.
5} Easssamcam
They run almost parallel to the

of

the

East

coast.

These

are

rivers

like

intersected hills, lying between the

series

Mahanadhi

from the eastern slopes and ow east
wards and fall into the Bay of Bengal

Vaigai river in Tamil Nadu. These hills

Thal Ghat, Bhor Ghat and Pa|Ghat are
the three important passes in the

disappear between Godavari and
Krishna rivers. The Godavari valley

Western Ghats, which provide
passage for roads and railways,

divides

between the Konkan plains in the west
and the Deccan

Plateau

in the east.

not

in Orissa

continuous

the

Eastern

and

of

the Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rise

are

River

a

and

the

almost

Ghats

into

the

northern and southern parts. The
northern part is about 200km wide,

while the southern part is only 100km
wide. Mahsrldra Girl (1501m) is the
highest peak in the northern part. In the
southern part, the iwaliarnalai range is
the most prominent. It is composed of
quartz and slate. The hills and plateaus
in the southern part have low altitude

The southern part of the Western
Ghats is Paighst gap. It is connected

further south the Eastern Ghats merge
with the western Ghats at Nilgiris.
The
number

peninsular
of

hill

plateau

stations

has a

such

as

Physiagraphy

of peninsular

india

Gurushikhar

V

PENINSULAR
PLA
TEAU7}
f Mountain
Range
A

Mountain
Peak

][

Mountain
Pass

Udagamandalam (Ooty). Kodaikanal,

coastal plain. The two coastal plains

Pachaimalai,
Mahabaleshwar,
Khandala, Matheron and so on.

meet each other at Kaayaisiumarithe
southernmost tip of the mainland of
India.

The Peninsular plateau of India is

surrounded
variable
'Rann
of

by coastal

width.

plains of

It extends

Kutch

in the

area

and

the

western
between

the

in the north to

the

South. Except in Gujarat, the western
coastal plain is quite narrow and has

between

the western
sea

coastal
the

Ghats

called

the

plain. The area

Eastern

Ghats

from the Rann of Kutch

to

Arabian

is

It stretches

from

west

Ganga-Brahmaputra delta in the east,
covering a distance of about 6000Kms.
The

3) Western coastal plains

and

the

Bay of Bengal is called the Easiem

Kanyakumari in the

an average width of about 65km.
The Gujarat main. lying towards
the east of Kutch and Kathiawar, was

formed by the Narmada Tapti,Mahiand
Sabarmati

river.

It

includes

the

southern part of Gujarat and the

coastal areas of the Gulf of Khambhat.
It has a chain

of saline

marshes

near

the coast, which are ooded during
hightides.

The Konkan Plain lying towards
the south of Gujarat, extends upto Goa
for a distance
is about

of about

50 to 80km.

500km.

Its width

It has features

of

marine erosion like cliffs, reefs and
islands

in

south

of

Mumbai.

The

knnkan coast has series of bays and
sand beaches. The northern part of

Konkan is sandy while the southern
part is rocky and rugged.

The Karnataka plain extends
from Goa to Mangalore, and has an
average width of about 30 to 50km. At
some
along

places,
steep

it descends
slope
and

waterfalls.

The Mmabar plain lies between
Mangalore

and

Kanyakumari.

Coastal plains of indie
PAKISTAN

, ahanadi

_,THE PENINSULAR
W.'
E ,S
Ishakhapatnam
ARABIAN SEA

BAY
OF
BENGAL

Kanyakumi

sharply
makes

The main characteristics

of the Malabar

coastal plain are the existence of lakes,
lagoons, backwaters, locally called
ikacyalsVembanad is the largest lagoon
in Kerala.

Most

of the backwaters

are

llllsltsichspatzsrtarrai
and 'Machl|ipatrts:tt
are notable examples. Kollerulake is
found in Andhraplain.
The Taittiladu plain stretches
from the pulicat lake to Kanyakumari

parallel to the coast line. The lagoons
and backwaters are linked by canals to
provide easy navigation with the help
of small country boats.

for a distance

ts} Eastaarrtaoastsi Flair:

India.

of about

992

km.

Its

average width is about 100 km. The
fertile soil and well-developed
irrigation facilities have made the
Kaveri river delta the Era rtary ctssbtrth

It stretches from the delta region of
west Bengal to Kaniyakumarai.
between

the

Eastern

Ghats

It lies

and

the

Bay of Bengal. The Eastern coastal
plain is more extensive and wider than

the western coastal plain. A major part
of this plain is formed by the alluvial
deposits brought by the Mahanadi,
Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers.

The average width is about 120km and
it reaches upto 200kms in the deltaic
regions. The region has a straight
shoreline

with well dened

beaches

Amiamsm

of

sand, such as the Martha beach in

lstaruds

There are two main groups of

Chennai. The coastal plain between

islands

Mahanadi

Andaman and
groups in the
Bay of Bengal and the La!-tshadwespin
the Arabian sea. They are located far
away from the coast of the Indian Main
land. The Asa and Hlccbsr group

and Krishna

rivers

is known

as the iilottsm cirwrsi. The part lying
between

Krishna

and

Kaveri

rivers

is

called the ilcerosttarlvdat coast;

The Utkal plain is found along the
coast

of orissa

and

extends

for about

400km and includes the deltaic region
of Mahanadhi

river.

The

coast

line

of

Utkal plain is smooth and fringed with
sand dunes. hsillca Lake the biggest
lake

in India

is located

south

of the Mahanadi

towards

the

river delta.

The '.Aztd.It;a
piairt lies between
Berhampur and Pulicat Lake.
It has been formed by the deltas
of the Godavari

and the Krishna

rivers.

The Andhra plain has straight coast
and has few sites for good harbours.

in

the

Indian

ocean.

The

of Islands is situated between 6°N to
14°N latitudes and between 90°E to

94°E Iongitudes. It consists of about
572 big, small and tiny islands. out of
which only 38 are inhabited. The total
area is about 8249sq.km. The
Andaman island groups are separated
from the Nicobar island groups by the
Ten wgrse channel. The extreme
southern most point is the Indira
Pointi. The Andaman is a closely knit
group of islands in which only 25
islands

are inhabited.

In the

Nicobar

group only 13 islands are inhabited
most of the islands are made up of

sandstone, lime stone and shale. Most

permanentlyfrozen and is a barrierto

of them are of volcanic origin, and
some are fringedwith coral reefs. The

invasion.

islands

are mountains

elevation

of about

the climate
is

with maximum

750

metres.

is hot and humid

covered

with

thick

Since

the area

forests

and

cooonutgroves.

3) The northernplainsof India are
of great economic and social
significance due to their fertile
alluvial soils, at

level land, slow

moving perennial rivers and a
favourableclimate, agriculture and
trade have beendeveloped.
4) Peninsular Plateau is rich in
mineral resources and has huge
reservesof Iron, Manganese, Copper,
Bauxite mica. Chromium, Limestone
etc.

5) Alarge numberof bigand small
ports have been developed all along

the coastalareas. These portsplay an
important role in the growth of
national

and international

trade.

The Lakshadweep groups of
islands are located

in the Arabian

Sea

and have only 27 islandsout of which
only 11 are inhabited.The Laccadives,
Minicoyand Aminidivigroupof islands
were renamed as Lakshadweep
(literally means one lakh islands) in
1973. This islands group is widely
scattered

over

an

area

of

about

110sq.km. Lakshadweep is located
about 200 to 50Dkm
Kerala

coast.

These

south west of the
islands

are

of

coralorigin.

Rivers, with their tributary
systems, are the main channels of
drainage of the land surface. Rivers
are benecial to us in many ways.
Besides providingwater for cooking,
washing and bathing, they provide
waterfor irrigation,generationof hydel
power,navigationand recreation.They
also bring down alluvium from the
highland areas and deposit it in the
ood-plains and deltas.Alluvialsoilsin
these areas are, therefore, extremely
fertile.Duringeach ood, new alluvium
is depositedin the landsand fertilityof
the

1)The presenceof the Himalayas
in north prevents southwest monsoon
winds

and

cause

rainfall

part

suboontinent

of

the

Thus

rivers

are

and

snowfall. If this mountain is absent, a

major

soil is renewed.

really boon to man kind.

Indian

would have been a h ot

Usually, mountains receive heavy

rainfalland hence a majorityof rivers
originate in mountainousareas. The

and drydesert.

sheet of water flows down the slope in

2) Himalayas forms a natural
boundaryfor the sub-continent.It is

the formof rillswhich,after unitingwith
others, form streams. A number of

tributarystreams develop to join the

Bistinctizm Between Himaiayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers
Himalayan Rivers

Peninsular Rivers

4-%The
Himalayan rivers like Indus,

Ganga and Brahmaputra
from the snow - covered

originate

&«The

Peninsular

rivers

like

Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri,

Narmada and Tapi originate from the

mountains.

peninsularplateaus.

*$*These
rivers
have
large
basinsandca
4%-tl-hhese
rtivers
have
sma"
basins
C men areas

and catchmentareas.

,$,.|.heSe
rivers
flowthrough
deep

nearly
I-Shaped
valleys.

%These rivers are perennial
nature

and receive

monsoons

water

and the meltin

both from

the

of snow.

*$-Due to their perennial

these

in

nature,

rivers are very useful for

irriation.
$3-»These

rivers

are

suitable

for

navigations as they flow over plain
areas.

«%These rivers form large deltas

near their mouth like the GangaBrahmaputra delta.

main stream at different points along its
course.

This main stream

is known

as a

river and this stream together with its

tributaries constitutes a river system.
The drainage system is related to a
number of factors for example slope of

land, geological structure, amount of
vol me ofwaterand eloc'ty
ofwater

+§These
rivers
flowthrough
broad

andSha"°w
Va"eyS'
%rThese

rivers

are

seasonal

as

they receive water only from the
monsoon

~Due

rains.

to the seasonal

nature,

these rivers are not very useful for
irrigation.
«»*«::b»'Fhese
are
not

suitable

for

navigation as they flow over uneven
land in the plateau region.
+$rThewest flowing rivers mostly
form
deltas.

estuaries

and

the

form

smaller

irzdian

Rivers

. «En-7

Gnsaga

Sambhar
Salt Lake

Rana
Sagar

Gandhi

GovindBallabh
Pant
Sagar

hilika Lake

~ .

Iolle

V
Lingona
kki f

'0

Reservoir
):¢A\§
I Kn-3nar_aja'
Sagar Pulicat Lake
,

LAKSHADWEEP

(llyilg0

: our

fake
..
. /1»
..

Xglrgbana

QWd,a°G
Q,q

INDIAN

OCEAN

BAY

OF

BENGAL

River system of india

V V V

Qrigina£asLLfrum

0LLP1ac:e$
,f

L V

5$5?$dVL

L03100
321,290
SqL.Km.
Innbet
Kalish
Range
5080
mts.
Arabiansea
L India
and
PakisLanL
00VVLL

L VL

V

LV

L33

G3n93(Bh39iT3ti)
LV
2480 3.37.000
Sq-Km
Gangothri
0V0

LV

L

0

Kaveri

.L 'LV

0

~

LUttarLPradesh,
0

0BayofBenga|L
Bihar,0WestBenga|

Garhwa0||inYamun06triVV0L30
V BLay0fVBen9a|
D°'»a'Ya"a_a"dL

LYamuna(JamLuna)
L137oa
3,59,ooo
Sq.Km L VVL
0 L L 0 0 0LUP L
V LVL V . 0 0 LV 0 L La.
L L
LBayofBengaIL
North
Easfernstate
Brahmaputrah
h725L 2,40,000VSq.Km
Lake
ManasaroVLarL
LVVLV VL
f
LGan9a"Vor
L LLL

Gangesofthe~_ VL V

south)

V

VL V L L L

VL

'
0 '
I Karnataka
and

L

L 87900
sqKm Hills
ofcoorg,
Karnataka
LV0 Bay0fBen9a|L
Tamnnadu
LV

L

LL V V

V

L

L

VV

V

L

Godavari EV V 3,12.812SLq.KmVLL LV
0 V w

j

L

L

V LV 0

South-easterlypart

L

ofAndhraPradesh=

LL0L0L 0 ~L¥ NearMahaba|eshwarLin
7L0

LL

Mharastraa.
_

2'59-0°0LSq'Km
Maharashtra
VL wLLL V0L VLLAndhrapradesh
Amarkantak
hill
inNladhya,
0 -L

0Madhya
pradesh
LL

Pradesh
V Q L"LLArable
Sea
Vand
LMaha0rastLraLL0

L 0

0L

0

0

LV
LV
724
L65,145
Sq,KmL, L L L

V

Arabiah7Sea0
LMadhyaPrades0h
L

and
Maharastra

MahLanaLdi
L_\
~LLVL
1LLL4L1LL6oL0
ArLnaLr|L<arL1ta|L<
Plateau
LVV ofBengal
LL
4 L

L0 V L

0 L

Lj L _

L LL 2

V2400
7,000
39-Km
0,
0L

L

CardamanHillsh

LV1

L

L0 L

0Maduraiand VL

L0

Ramanathapuram L

LV* V:LV

0

. VL
inVTami|Nadu0
0

VVTami|0Nad0uar01d

, 244_5,398Sq,Km
LL
CardamanHil|sL
L VLLL Bay0fBen9a|V
Kerala L

L

ThaLmiraparani
, LL123
04,400
sqxm
AgasthiyarHi|s
0[
VLL0&#39;0L|\&#

River

features

EXERCISE

I} choose the correct answen
1)The Bay of Bengal is located to the
a) West

b) South

of India

c) South-east

d) South-west

2) Palk Strait separates India from
a) Sri Lanka b) Myanmar

c) Maldives

d) Lakshadweep

3) The most centrally located meridian of India passes through
a) Ahmadabad

b) Allahabad

c) Hyderabad

d) Auranghabad

4) The highest peak in India.

a) Mt.Everest

b) Mt. Godwin Austin

c) Mt.Kanchenjunga

d) Dhaulagiri

5) The Source of River Ganga
a) Yamonotri

b) Siachen

c) Gangotri

d) Karakoram

6) The Himalayas are known as

a) Abode of snow

b) Volcano c) sahyadri

d) Himadri

El)Match the faitowirzg.
1) Pilgrim centre

Sahyadri

2) Terai Plain

Vembanad

3) Western Ghats in Karnataka

Deccan

4) Lava Plateau

Kedarnath

5) Largest lake in Kerala

Marshy Land
Chilka

Lake

Malwa

Plateau.

Ell)Qisiinguish between.
1) GMT and IST
2) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
3) East Coast Plains and West Coast Plains

EV)Answerthe foliowiragquestions
1) What are the main physical divisions of India?

2) Write any two points on the Importance of the Himalayas.
3) Name a few well- known holy places in the Northern Mountains of India.
4) Name the rivers that do not form a delta on the west coast of India.
5) Name the Islands belonging to India.

V) An;fswe»r
the fbiiawingr Questions. in a Paragraph .
1) India is a sub-continent - Justify.
2) Unity in Diversity Explain.

3) Explain the origins of the Himalayas.
4) Mention the Importance of Himalayas.
5) Write short notes on Northern Plains of India.
6) Write in brief about Peninsular Plateau.

til) an a PahysicaiMap efindia mark and name the failewing.
1) Main Physical Divisions of India.
2) Thar desert and Deccan Plateau.
3) Rivers: Ganga, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Godavari and Krishna
4) Hills/Mountains: Siwalik, Karakoram, Ladakh Range, Kailash Range,
Patkai Hills, Nilgiri Hills, Western ghats, Satpura and Aravalli Ranges
5) Mt. Everest, Mt. K2, Palk Strait, Gulf of mannar, Northern circars
Coromandal coast, Konkan Coast, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of

Kharnbhat,Gu|fof kutch, Chotta Nagpur Plateau, Sunderbans, Rann of
Kutch, Malwa Plateau and Pamir Knot

Vt!) Activity .

Fimi the answerwith the help,grime tabim
1) Which is the largest state ?
2) Which is the smallest state ?
3) Note down the densely populated and sparsely populated states.
4) List out the names of seven states in north eastern India called seven
sisters.

2.. INDIA

- WJMATE

vegetation and agriculture of a place.

tropic of cancer being closer to the
Equator, experience high temperature
throughout the year. The parts of the
country to the north of tropic of cancer

The kind of clothes that we wear, the

on

food we eat and the house

temperature
experience

Ciimlate
elements

is

one

of

in the natural

determines

the

the

basic

Environment.

landforms,

It

soil,

in which

we

live are intimately related to climate.
But the climate differs from one place
to another
place.
The sharply

contrasting relief features of India
create
North

diverse
India

climate.

differs

The

from

climate

South

India

have

a

variations

look
of

at

these

India

with

other

hand

lie

in the

warm

zone.
Hence they
low temperature

particularly in winter. For example New
Delhi

which

is

located

in38°N

of

experiences23°C while Kanyakumari
at 8°N experiences 32°C, during the

in

month

respect to temperature, rainfall etc. Let
us

the

climatic
their

of November.

2. Altitude

Temperature

decreases

with

increasing altitude from the earth

determining factors.

surfaceat the rate of 1°Cfor every 165
meters. Hence, the places situated at
the higher altitudes are cooler as
compared to places in plains. For

example the mean temperature of New
Delhi, which is situated in plain region
at an altitude

of 239

meters

from

the

sea level,is 40.2°Cduringthe monthof
June, while the temperature of Simla,

which is located in higher altitude of
2,205meters is 23.7°C at the same
month.

Climate of a place is determined
by the following factors such as
1. Latitude

3. Distance

Altitude

3.

Distancefrom

4.

Wind

5.

Position

the sea

&#39;lj.Lai§§ude

India lies between 8°4 N to 37° N

Latitudes. 23°30 N latitude tropic of
cancer passes across the country. The

parts of the country to the south of

where the summer
hot and the winter

is
is

extremely cold. The prevalence of the
climate

ofMountains

the sea

The places to the north of Tropic of
cancer experience
continental
climate",
extremely

2.

from

is due

to the

far

off

location

fromthesea.

The Tropical South, which is
enclosed on three sides by Arabian

Sea, Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal,
experiences Equable climate.

Q.Wind
When

the winds

blow

from

sea to

the land bring warm temperature while

the winds blow across the land bring
drytemperature.

Forexample,

in

Indian

climate

and

topography, the most important factor

1)The westerly winds originate
in Mediterranean

Inspite
ofthegreat
diversity
and
variation

that lends unity to the India is the fact of

sea and blow in to the

northwest India. They bring rain to

the monsoons.

Punjab and Haryana.

owes

2) The Tropical cyclone wind
originates in Bay of Bengal and
blows along east coast of India. It
causes heavy loss to life and
PFOPETTY

The word

monsmonl

its origin to an Arabic

word

Wlausimmeaning &#39;season&#39;.
The term
was used by seamen several centuries
ago, to describe system of alternating
winds

over

the

Arabian

Sea.

These

winds appear to blow from southwest
for six months
another

and from

six months.

northeast

The

winds

for

which

reverse their directions completely
between
known

the summer
as

these

Monsoon

Winds.

monsoon

experiences

5.Pcssitznn
ofMountains

and the winter
Due

winds,

Tmpisal

is
to

India

monsoon

climate

Position of mountains plays a vital
role in determining the climate of any
1) The Monsoon winds are classified

place. Forexample,

a) The great Himalayan range in
the North
winds

India obstructs

from centralAsia

b)The

the bitter cold

Southwest

Northeast

Monsoon

Monsoon

and

on the basis of the

direction from where they blow.

to India.

Himalayan

into

2) They are caused due to the
differential heating ofland and sea.

range

intercepts the rain-bearing southwest

monsoon winds, forcing them to shed
their moisture, resulting in heavy

3) The main feature of monsoon winds

rainfall

determines

in the

northeast

and

Indo

-

is

alternation

of

seasons

the climate

ofthe

which
India

Gangetic Plain.
c) The Aravalli range intercepts
south

west

monsoon

winds

and

so

western side of this range is a desert
and receives very less rainfall

On

the

variation,

basis

the

of

the

monsoon

meteorologists

recognize the four distinct seasons in
India such as:

1) Winter(Decemberto February)
2) Summer(March to May)
3) South west Monsoon.
(June to September)

this season the Sun&#39;s
rays are vertical

4) North East Monsoon
(October to November).
&#39;5.
Winter (December to February}
During winter, the sun is overhead
in the Tropic of Capricorn. The land
Mass

becomes

cold

in

North

India

where the day mean temperature
remains below 21°C. No obvious
difference is found in the temperature

during day and night.
In the meantime high pressure
develops in the northwestern part of
India due to the prevalence of lowtemperature. In contrast to this, a low

pressure area forms in South India,
that is both in Arabian Sea and Bay of
Bengal. Consequently the winds blow
from the high pressure area of
northwest

India

towards

South

India.

These winds are called the Retreating
monsmn

winds which blow from land

to sea and do not cause
But these

winds

absorb

much

moisture

while crossing the Bay of Bengal and
gives winter rainfall to Tamil Nadu and
South

Andhra

main

characteristics

Pradesh.

This

is the

feature

of

During this period, a low pressure

depression

originates

Mediterranean

Sea
across

Iran

temperaturemay be as high as 45° C.
Due to this high temperature, low
pressure
conditions
prevail over
northern part of India.

Contrary to this the southern parts
of

India

has

conditions
nearer

moderate

because
to

sea.

of

The

weather
its

mean

locations
maximum

temperaturehere varies from 26° C to
30° C. High pressure develops here
due to low temperature comparatively
to the north

India.

Because of the atomospheric
pressure conditions, the winds blow
from

south

west

to north

east direction

in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

There

are

a

few

thunder

showers

called Wlangoshpwers which helps in
quick ripening of mangoes along the
coast

of Kerala

and

Karnataka.

North

Eastern part of India also experiences

Retreating monsoon.

eastwards

places in northwest India the day

They bring pre monsoon showers to
the west coastal areas during May.

rainfall.

some

over the Tropic of Cancer. Therefore
the temperature is very high in the
northern parts of the India. At some

over

the

and

travels

and

Pakistan

local

storms

called

womesters

These

thunder

storms

are

called

as

t<;aibe*i5al-(hi
(Calamity of the month of
B &#39;
kh

&#39;
P

&#39;
b.

and reaches India. This low pressure
depression
is called
Western

disturbance. The Jet stream plays a
dominant

role

in

bringing

this

disturbance

to India. This disturbances

causes rainfall in Punjab, Hariyana
and Himachal Pradesh which is very
useful

for

the

also brings
Jammu

cultivation

of wheat.

It

snow fall in the hills of

and Kashmir.

summer

season

starts

with

the onset

of south

west monsoon. The high temperature
gives rise to low pressure and by the

end of May a large area of low pressure

2. -Summer {March-May}
The

3;
September)
After the summer season, rainy

season

starts

in

March and continues up to May. During

is formed over the north west part of
the country. At the same time, the
oceans become cool and a high

pressure

area

develops

over

the

direction

of this

wind.

Hence

it is not

oceans. We know that wind always
blows from high pressure to low

able to strike against the mountain and

pressure. Hence the winds blow from

This is the reason why a part of
Western Rajasthan remains to be a

oceans

towards

These

winds

directions.

the

blow

When

land

from

of

India.

South

East

they

cross

the

equator, they get deected and blow as
South
are

West

Monsoon.

moisture

laden

These
winds

winds
because

they originate from Indian Ocean.
When they approach the Southern part
of Kerala they give rain with violent
thunderstorms indicating the onset of
the monsoon and lightning.
This
phenomenon is often termed as the
monsoon

burst.

The

south

west

Monsoon

does not give any rain to Rajasthan.

desert.
Himachal

This

wind

Pradesh

then

reaches

and combines

with

the Bay of Bengal branch. It gets
obstructed by the Shiwalik hills and
gives a good rainfall to the foot hills of
this region.

A?**NW¥$t9$5Es;*iSf i

g.

fftswasssiné

_

.

is

W

normally divided into two branches
because of the peninsular shape of the

country. They are Arabian Sea branch
and Bay of Bengal branch.
a. Arabian

Wind ward side and Lee ward side of a
mountain

Sea Branch

The more powerful Arabian Sea

branch of monsoon wind and brings
heavier rainfall. Blowing from the
Arabian Sea, the rst part of the wind

rst strikes against the Western Ghats.
This moisture

laden wind is forced

ascend the slopes, condenses

to

and

gives heavy rainfall to western coastal
region. Mumbai gets a heavy rainfall of
over

150cms

as it lies on the windward

side of Western Ghats while Pune gets
less than

50cms

of rainfall

as it lies on

the leeward side (rain shadow) of the
Western

Ghats.

The second part of this wind blow
through the Vindhya-Satpura ranges
and strikes against the Rajmahai hills
and cause heavy rainfall in the
ChetanagplurPlateau region.
The third part of this wind moves
towards Rajasthan where the Aravalli
Mountains stand parallel to the

in. Bay of Berxgat Branch
This branch of monsoon, blowing
from the Bay of Bengal is moisture
bearing wind. It strikes against the
Kasi, Garo, and Jaintia Hills. This
moisture

laden

wind

takes

a sudden

rise over the funnel shaped hills and

INDIA

ADVANCENG

SOUTH WEST MQNSCHDN

It Srinagar

$
Chandigarh
DELHI

ARABIAN

SEA
at Hyderabad

/&#39;

BAY
OF
BENGAL

BangaIgre

LAKSHADWEEP
(INDIP)
q 30,0

Q Q

1June :5:

Thiruvananthapura

INDIAN

OCEAN

The lines shenwninside the map denote the advancement of manscaarz
in am"country

RETREATENG

iN¥3!A
NORTH EAST

MGINESUGN

at Srinagar

*Ahmadabad

Bhubaneshwar
Q

causes heavy rainfall in herrapunji,
which receives the highest rainfall in
India. A part of this branch gets
deflectedby the Himalayas and moves
towards the west giving rain to the

Gangetic plains. As it moves further
westwards,

it

loses

its

moisture

content and gives scanty rainfall to
Punjab and Haryana. Finally this Wind
meets
monsoon

the

Arabian

wind

Sea

at the foot

branch
hills

of

of the

Himalayas and gives heavy rainfall
along the Siwaliks. Tamil Nadu
remains dry during this period because
it lies in the rain shadow area, of the
Arabian

Sea

branch

monsoon

and

it

lies parallel to the Bay of Bengal
branch.

distribution IRainfall
during the year
The South

West

country during June to September. The
normal

duration

remaining parts of the country by the

end of October and in some parts by
November.

2%}lnfinence of Mnuntains,
The rainfall
is very much
inuenced by orographic features.
Though the wind passes over Gujarat

November)
The South West Monsoon begins

The

landmass

of

India

starts

losing heat and there is a fall in the
temperature. But the sea is still in warm

condition. High Pressure develops
over the land and low pressure over
the

sea.

Therefore

wind

blows

from

high pressure to low pressure that is
from land to sea. It is cold dry wind and
gives no rainfall to land mass. But,
when it crosses the Bay of Bengal, it
absorbs moisture and gives heavy rain
to the Comma;nsdai

coast.

So Andhra

Pradesh and Tamil Nadu get heavy

rainfall during winter. There are
frequent cyclones formed in the Bay of
Bengal and they cause damage to life
and property along the Coromandal
coast.

varies

withdraws from the north-west by the
beginning of September and from the

rainfall

the apparent movement of the sun
towards tropic of Capricorn.

of the Monsoon

from two to four months. Normally it

and Rajasthan,

second week of September because of

causes

over 80 per cent of the rainfall over the

#3.North East Monsoon {Gctaber to

to retreat from the Northern India by

Monsoon

due

it brings very little

to absence

of mountains.

Along the west coast, the winds strike

the Western Ghats and bring heavy
rainfall

on

the

windward

side.

For

example, The Shillong Plateau
receives heavy rainfall (annual rainfall
at Cherrapunji 1,270 cm) while the
central part of the Assam Valley which
is situated

in the lee ward

side receives

less rainfall (annual rainfall at Guahati
163.7 cm).
iii} Tropical Cfyclorm
The intensity and distribution of
rainfall are determined by a series of
tropical depressions (low pressure
systems) which have their origin near
the northern part of Bay of Bengal and
travel across the country in west and
north-westerly
direction. On an
average

eight

such

cyclonic

depressions may pass from the Bay of
Bengal into the land area between
June and September.

Winter

rainfall

which

sets

in over

the Bay of Bengal in October and
meets with the damp winds of the

retreating surrimer monsoon. This
current curves round over the Bay of

M Erratic nafu re of the Rainfall
It is difficult to make any general
statement describing the rainfall in any
particular

state. Because the same

areas which received heavy rainfall in
one season may experience drought
conditions

in the

next

season.

Some

times the beginning of the rain may be
delayed. There may be breaks in the
monsoon rain during July and August,

Bengal and blows directly in to the

Tami|Nadu coast giving that region the
wettest

and most

disturbed

weather

of

the whole year (mainly during October
and November).
Heavy rains
accompanied by stormy winds sweep
over the coastal regions causing
widespread damage to standing crops

and disorganizing means of transport.

some times the rain clisappears for a
week or more. The Monsoon may also

Similarly, Nagapattinam receives
an average of 100 cm out of its total

withdraw earlier than usual or may
persist longerthan usual.

rainfall

iv} Monsoon rains have great effect
an the ¢:<mmry"sacancmy
The prosperity of India depends
on

the

success

or

failure

of

of 140 cm in the cold

season.

The rainfall is higher along the coast
than in the interior. It decreases rapidly
on land so that over the Mysore
Plateau in Karnataka receives only
about

3 or 4cm.

the

Monsoon. Slight variations in the
directions of rain-bearing winds may
convert normally well-watered areas
into deserts. For example, Gujarat and
the Deccan plateau are particularly

liable to dmught. The Hydro electric
power plants are affected severely in
times of low rainfall. The supply of
electricity to industries is rationed

The distribution

of rainfall

over the

country, as we have noted earlier, is

determined by two main factors. These
are: (1) the direction of the rain bearing
winds and (2) the pvcsfitianof the
mountain ranges.
Due to these factors about 30 per

cent of the area of our country receives
from 15 to 80 cm; 40 per cent receives

resulting in great loss in Economy.

from 80 to 120 cm; 20 percent gets
from
The
about

annual

1187cm

rainfall
to less

varies

than

from

1187 cm rainfall

which

is the

highest in the world. Less than 25 cm of
rainfall

is

found

in

Thar

desert

in

Rajasthan. The erratic nature of
monsoon

creates

havoc

to unprecedented rainfall.

to

180

cm

and

about

10

25 cm. At

Mawsynram, a station 16 km west of
Cherrapunji in the state of Meghalaya
receives

120

percent receives over 200 cm.

at times

due

On

the

basis

of

the

amount

of

rainfall our country can be divided into
four rainfall regions as follows:
1. Region of very heavy
Areas with over 4813cm of rain are

the southern slopes of the Eastern
Himalayas, Assam, Bengal and the

ENDLA

RAINFALL

REGIDNS

49>

RainFa||

in Cms

Above400

.

200 300

-

100 200
Below-50

West Coast Region comprising the
Konkan

and the Malabar

Coast.

Areas withi Oto 230 cm of rainfall

2. Regions nvfheavy rainfaii
Areas with rainfall between

200 to

am) cm are the Middle Ganga Valley,
Western Ghats, Eastern Maharashtra,

Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.

3. Regions of moderate rainfall
are the Upper Ganga valley, Eastern
Rajasthan and Punjab, Southern
Deccan

comprising

the

plateau

regions of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
and Tamil Nadu.

4. Regions of scanty rainfall
Areas with less than 50 cm are the

northern part of Kashmir, western
Rajasthan. southern Punjab and
regions of the Deccan in the rain
shadow

of the Western

Ghats

Water management implies
makingthe best use of availablewater
resources for human benet, while not

only controlling its depletion and
degradation, but also for our future
needs.

Water is an indispensable
resource and has multiple uses.
Therefore. it becomes extremely
importantto manage our soil and water

resources in an integrated manner.
Water management must be under
taken at all levels.

ammonia:
an-aumamu
mmmamm
aesaauuama-an

seasonal

rainfall.

It is not uniform

Hence Rain hawesting is an
activityof directcollectionand storage

and

is highly erratic. Most of the time the
rainfallis scanty,hence it is necessary
to save

available

rain water.

of water for our purpose or it can be

recharged

We must

into the ground for

allow this water to penetrate into deep
water table and tap this water when it is
needed. In order to prevent surface

withdrawal
later. Through
rain
harvesting we can understand the real
value of rain and to make optimum use

run -off we must harvest

of it.

for future

domestic

the rain water

related

and other

activities.

EXERCISE

I) Gfmmsathe correct answer.
1) India experiences
a) Temperateclimate

b) TropicalMonsoonClimate

c) TropicalClimate

d) Cold Climate

2) The Coastal areas enjoy

a) Continental

b) Equable

climate
c)Humidd)
Hot

3) The place that gets rain from Western disturbanceis
b) Mumbai

a) Punjab

c) Allahabad

d) Chennai

4) The mountainswhich lie parallelto the directionof the SouthwestMonsoon
wind is

a) Aravali

b) Satpura

d) Maikala Range

c) Vindhya

5) The localstormsin the northeasternpart of India duringhot weather season
are called

a) Nonivesters

b) Loo

d) Monsoon

c) Mango showers

ii) amatchthe Following.
1) Burstof Monsoon

Decemberto February

2) Norwesters

October

3) Water conservationactivities

Northern and northwestern part of

India

to November

India

4) The North East MonsoonSeason

Local storms

5) Highestrainfallplace

June to September

in northeast

India

Mawsynramin Cherrapunji
Total involvementof local people

iii) Distinguishighéa
1)Windward side and leeward side of the mountains

2) South west Monsoon and Northeast Monsoon
3) Western disturbances and Tropical cyclones
4) Weather and Climate
5) Loo and Nowvesters

IV)AnswsrthefollowingQuestions.
1) Name the factors determining the climate of India
2) What do you mean by Monsoon?
3) What are the main features of tropical monsoon type of climate?
4) What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?
5) Name the regions of heavy rainfall in India.
6) What do you mean by the burst of Monsoon?

Wknswer

the following ina paragraph each.

1)AnaIyse any two factors, determining the climate of India.

2) Explainany two characteristicfeaturesof monsoonwinds.
3) Describe any one of the branch of south west monsoon.
4) Describe rain water harvesting.
5) What is water management? Give the basic requirement of water
conservation?

Vt) r: the given map of India mark and name this fotfuwing
1) Direction of southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon winds
2) Show areas receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall and less than 50 cm of
rainfall.

3.
Resources

NBEA

form

an

~ NATURAL
essential

requirement of our daily life. Any
country can be developed shortly if it
has rich and diverse

resources.

But a

judicious use of resources only will
help for a sustainable development of
that country. ver exploitation of
resources

from

environmental

nature

will

lead

issues

and

to an

resource

depletion. Let us learn some of the
important resources of India and the
need to conserve

them.

All materials obtained from the
nature to satisfy the needs of our daily
life

is known

as Natural

resources.

Land, Air, Water, Sunlight,
Soil,
Minerals coal, Petroleum,
Plants,
Animals are some of the examples for
natural resources. Human beings use
these resources either directly or
Natural Resources can be broadly

classified into two types:

resources

resources

are

resources that cannot be replaced
again after utilisation".
They are

formed over a very long geological
periods. Minerals and fossil fuels are
included in this category. Since their

rate of formation is extremely slow,
they can not be renewed easily for
example coal and petroleum . That is

why we are often advised to use these
non-renewable resourcesjudiciously.
Soil

is

renewable

the

natural

most

important

resource.

It is the

medium of plant growth and supports
various types of living organisms on
the earth.
Soil

is the

loose

material

which

forms the upper layer of the earth. It
no

definite

and

constant

composition. It consists of
1. Decayed Plants
substances

3. Minerals like Silica, Clay, Chalk and

resources

so on

ti . Renewable resources
Renewable

"Non-Renewable

2. Animal

resources

2. Non-renewable

2. Non ~~Renelwabie

has

indirectlyfor&#39;theirsurviva|.

1 . Renewable

RESQURCES

4. Organic matter called Humus.

resources

are

the

that can be reproduced

again and again. For example sun

Soil fertility refers to the amount of

light, Air and Water are continuously
available but their quantity is reduced

nutrients in the soil, which is sufficient
to support plant growth.

by human consumption. The time

Soil fertility is determined by the
presence of micro nutrients and

taken to renew the resources may be
different

from

one resource

to another.

For example agricultural crops, takes a
short

time

for

renewal.

Others

water takes a comparatively
time

while

still others

even longertime.

like forests

like

longer
take

macro nutrients

Micro
chlorine,

in the soil.

nutrients
copper,

like sulphur,
manganese,

molybdenum, boron, Iron ,coba|t, zinc.
Macro nutrients
like nitrogen,
potassium and phosphorous should be

contained in the soil. The fertility of the
soil

increases

humus

with

the

increase

of

alumina, calcium and magnesium
carbonates, but lack in phosphorus,

content.

According to theirareal extentand
their agricultural

importance, soils of

India are classied into ve major
groups. They are as follows:
1.A||uvia| Soil, 2. Black Soil, 3.Red
Soil, 4. Laterite Soil, 5. Mountain Soil,
6.Arid

and Desert

1. Ailtiviai
Alluvial

Soil.

soil

of sediments

is

divided

into

2.Bhangar.

light coloured soil, whereas Bhangar is

the older alluvium of more clayey soil.
The alluvial soil differs greatly in
It is suitable

for the cultivation

of rice, Wheat, sugarcane, cotton and
oil-seeds. In the lower GangaBrahmaputra valley they are useful for
jute cultivation. In this valley the alluvial

soils are the brought by the Sutlej,
Ganga, Yamuna, Gandak, Ghaghra
and other rivers. The parts of Punjab,
Haryana, UP, Bihar and West Eengail
are located in this Valley have alluvial
soils.

In south India Kaveri river deposits

alluvial soil along its course

cultivation

of

Black

soil is more

cultivation

of cotton,

suitable

for the

rice,

wheat,

formed

soil

is

also

found

in

the

Deccan trap, comprising the greater
part of Maharashtra, Gujarat, part of
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
and southern

districts

of Tamil Nadu.

3. Red Su
Red

soil

is

formed

from

the

weathering of the ancient crystalline
and

metamorphic

rocks.

The

red

colour is due to its very high iron
content. The colour varies, from brown
to yellow. This soil is ptomus and not

retentive of moisture. It is generally
poor in lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and
humus

but when

suitable

fertilizers

are

added, it becomes rich in fertility.
Wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane
pulses are grown in this soil.

and

Red soil covers in most parts of
Tamil Nadu, southern Karnataka, Goa,
North-eastern
Andhra
Pradesh,

Madhyapradesh and Orissa.
4. §.a;ter§te.$r3tiI
Laterite soil formation takes place
under typical monsoon conditions. It is

2. «BlackScript
is

forthe

Virginia tobacco, oilseeds like linseed,
sunower, fruits and vegetables.

two

I-{hadaris the newer alluvium of sandy,

soil

it is suitable

Black

soil consists

types they are 1. Khadar

Black

Hence

Sail

plains . It contributes the largest share
to the agricultural production of India.

texture.

nitrogen and organic matter. It has a
special property of holding meisture.

jowar, millets, sugarcane,

deposited by rivers along the river
course, ood plains, delta and coastal

Alluvial

chestnut brown. It is fine-grained and
generally rich in lime, iron, potash,

from

the

weathering of igneous rocks, It is found
in the valleys of the Godavari, Krishna,
Narmada and Tapti. The soil is
deposited at about six meters depth.
They vary in colour from deep black to

mostly found in peninsular plateau of
India.

Laterite is a porous soil from which
the silica has been removed by chemical

action (leaching). It is coarse in texture
and red in colour owing to the presence

of iron «oxides.The crops like coffee,

SOIL TYPES

OF INDIA

BAY

ARABIAN SEA

OF
BENGAL

DISTRIBUTION OF
MAJOR SOIL TYPES

A
D
LAKSHADWEEP

(INDIA)

I

Desert Souls
Mountain Soils

INDIAN

OCEAN

Rubber,

Cashew

cultivated

in this

Laterite

Pradesh,
the

is

Tamil

summits

Nadu,

Parts of Orissa,

This

soil

found

of

5. Mountain

tapioca are

and

soil.

in

Andhra

Karnataka,

Eastern

on

Ghats

and

Kerala andAssam.

Suit

is found

in the

mountainous

regions such as Western and Eastern
Ghats, the Himachal
and Siwalik
regions. This soil is very rich in humus

and Organic matter. Plantation crops
such as tea, coffee and rubber grow
well.Asam and West Bengal in Eastern

Himalayas are principal growers of tea.
5.. Desert

solil

is found

in arid zone

of

the north-western
part of India,
Rajasthan, Gujarat (Kutch region) and
south Punjab.
It is sandy, alkaline and porous in

nature. Though it is highly infertile,
Crops are cultivated with the help of
irrigation in some areas. Crops grown
are wheat, rice, barley, grapes and

means
development
should
take
place
without
damaging
the
environment,
and development
in the
present time should not affect
the
needs of future generation.
31:33! Elunsawatiun
Soil

conservation

is an effort

made

by man to prevent soil erosion in order
to retain the fertility of soil. It may not be
possible to stop soil erosion entirely.
But steps can be taken to reduce the
rate of erosion by taking preventive

The fliowing are some of the
preiserztilvsmeasures:
1) Construction
dams

of

across

2) Step

the

dams
river

cultivation

will

or

check

course.

prevent

soil

erosion.

3) Bunds
should
be
according to contours.

constructed

4) Excessive grazing should be
avoided

melons.

Soil

compromising the ability of future
generation to meet their own needs. It

measures.

Sail

Desert

Sustainable
development
is
defined as development
that meets
the needs of the present
without

erosion

means

removal

of

fertile content from the soil by nature
and man. The proper use of soil
resources

has now become

a matter

of

importance to all of us, because it
directly affsnts our food production.
Running water, wind, and human
beings are the principal contributing
factor of soil erosion. In many parts of
our
country,
for
instance,
in
UttarPradesh,
Rajasthan
and the
Deccan

vast

areas

have

been

devastated by soil erosion.
The nature of soil erosion depend
much upon the texture and struclture of
the soil. It also depends on the
conditions of climate, slope, methods
of cultivation

and several

otherfactors.

5) Trees reduce the force of strong
winds and prevents glowing away of
soil particles.
6) Roots of trees plants and grasses
hold soil particles and strengthen
the

soil.

Hence

be avoided

deforestation

to increase

should

forestation.

7) Plants, grass and shrubs control the
speed of flowing water. Therefore
such plants should not be removed.
Steps should be taken to plant the
trees

wherever

it doesn&#39;t
exist.

8) Avoiding
application
of chemical
fertilizer
and
applying
natural
manure successively
to the field is
one

of

the

best

methods

Natural
vegetation
vegetation
or plant cover

of

soil

IS the
naturally

grown on the earth&#39;s
surface. It is a
result

of climate,

inuences.

The

soil

forest

and

is one

biotic
of the

greatest natural resources available to
human beings. Yet they have declined
through centuries. Vast areas of forest
have

been

cleared

for

cultivation

of

crops due to over population.

This

phenomena should be controlled for
sustainable development of forest

The geographical factors which
control the growth of natural vegetation
in India are temperature, rainfall,
topography and soil. On the basis of
the

above

factors,

the

natural

vegetation of India can be divided into
following six types. They are:
1) Tropical evergreen forests
2) Tropical Monsoon forests

resources.

3) Shrub and Thorn forests
4) Desert vegetation
5) Mangrove forests and
6) Mountain forests.
1. ironies! EHEFQf&§I
Forests
The tropical evergreen forest are
found in the regions where the annual
rainfall

is more

than

200 cm. The trees

in these forests are evergreen and do
not

India&#39;s
forest resources are unique
in nature because there are a large
number of species of plants, ranging
from drought-resisting thorny shrub to
tropical evergreen forests. The total
forest

area

is

around

63.72

million

shed

their

leaves.

These

forests

are very dense and composed of tall
trees reaching up to the height of
above 60 metres. Due to dense growth
of trees, the sunlight cannot reach the
ground. Thus, the undergrowth mainly
consists

of,

bamboos,

ferns

and

climbers.

total area of India is 19.39%, which is
considered rather low when compared

The important trees of these
forests are Rose wood, Ebony,
Mahogany,
Rubber, Cinchona,

to

Bamboo

sq.km. The percentage of forests in

the

forest

areas

in

most

of

the

countries of the world. However, even

and Lianas.

evenly

The evergreen forests are mostly
found along the western side of the

distributed; some states have 60 per

Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar

cent

Islands, lower slopes of Himalayas and
some parts ofAssam and Orissa.

this

forest
area

area

under

is not

forests

while

other

states have only 3 per cent.
The fast shrinkage in forest area is
mainly due to the growth in population
which leads to increasing demands for
agricultural
land, urbanization,
industrialisation

and new town ships.

2. lTmpil:at Manama

Flemis

These are the typical monsoon
forests and are found mainly in those
areas where the average annual
rainfall ranges between 70 cm and
200

cm.

The

trees

in the

deciduous

maa

Natural Vegetation

PAKISTAN

BH UTAN

BAY
OF
ARABIAN
SEA - V?

L.

BENGAL
Tropical Evergreen
Forests

Tropical Monsoon
Forests
LAKSHADWEEP

(|ND|A%
°

V

Shrub
and
Desert
vegetation

0

o

Mangrove Forest

Q
&#39;

Mountain forest

INDIAN

OCEAN

forests

shed

their

leaves

due

to

drynessfor about 6 to 8 weeks during
the spring and early summer. Hence
these

forests

are

called

desidimus

South Western Punjab and Western
Haryana.These forestsare alsogrown
on the leeward

of the Western

Ghats, covering large areas in
Maharastra,

fmrasbs.

sides

Karnataka,

Andhra

Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

The tropicaldeciduousforestsare
commerciallymost importantas they
yield valuable timber and variety of
other forest products.The main trees
are Teak, Sal, Sisam,

-E. Ewart Vagamtitun
It is found in regions where the
rainfall is less than 25 cm.

Sandal Wood,

Wattle and Neem.

The tropicalmonsoonforestsare
commercially most exploited. These
forests have also suffered from severe

biotic factors such as over - cutting,
over grazing and res. The moist
monsoonforests are found mainly in
the North - eastern states, along the
foot hillsof the Himalayan Mountains.
Jharkhand,West Orissa, Chattisgarh
and on the eastern slopes of the
Western Ghats. The dry monsoon
forests are found on the peninsular
plateau, plains of Bihar and Uttar

Vetgatatiort

The vegetationmostlyconsistsof
thorny bushes, acacias, wild berries
and babul. These trees are
and

Pradesh.

6 to 10

meters high but they have long roots
are

armed

with

hard

thorns

to

protectthemselvesfromanimals.
Ehmb

and

Pomsts

These forestsare found mainlyin
thoseareas where the average annual
rainfallis less than 75 cm with the long
dry season. The trees are scatteredin
these forests.They have long rootsto
tap water in the underground.They
have

thick

and

small

leaves

which

retardsevaporation.They have thorny
thick bark.

The main trees are Acacia, Palms

and Cacti. Other important trees

The babulyieldsgum and its bark
providesmaterialfor tanninghidesand
skins. These are found in Rajasthan,
Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat,
south-westernPunjaband partsof the
Deccan.

5. il&angroveForests
Mangrove forests are found in
coastal areas ooded by the tides of
the

sea.

Some

of these

forests

are

dense and impenetrable. The trunks of

include Khair, Babul, Palas, Khagri,

thesetrees are supportedby a number
of rootswhichare underwater at high

and Kajuri.

tide. At low tide, their roots can be

It is mainly found in the north
western part of the country.including
semi-aridareas of Gujarat,Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,

seen. They are found in great
abundancein the deltasof the Ganga,
Mahanadhi, Godavari, Krishna, and

Kaveri and along the coasts of the
Andaman

Islands.

vegetation. Silver r, Junipers,Pines,
Birches

are common

varieties

of trees.

At higher altitudes, mosses and
lichensformpartof vegetation

Marmva

Forest

They are also found along the
west coast in a few places. In West
Bengal they are called 3ll.£f&#39;£dEI7b3.
These woods are hard, strong and
In the
durableand are usedfor boat building.
These

forests

are a valuable

source

of

5. Mountain

1 . Western

smsm

The natural vegetation in the
mountainsis greatly inuenced by the
decreaseof temperaturewith increase
in height above sea level. The
mountain forest can be broadly
classied intotwo majorcategories:
1. The forests in the Himalayan

peninsular

forests

are

India,

found

the

in three

forests

in

the

2. Vindhyas
3. Nilgiris
In Nilgiris,the tropicalforestsare
locallycalledS|"£>5¥E.$.
Suchforestsare
also found in the Satpuraand Mail-Kala
ranges. The important trees in this
regionare Magnolia,Laurel,Cinchona

Peninsular

Plateau and hill ranges.

In the Himalayan mountains.the
forestsare found betweenthe heights
of 1,000 m and 2,000 m. The ever

green broad leaf trees such as Oak,
Chestnut predominate. Between the
height of 1500 m and 3000 m, the
coniferous trees such as Pine, Deodar.

Silverr, Spruceand Cedar are found.
coniferous

Ghats

and Wattle.

ranges.

The

fcrmt

areas. They are:

fuel.

2. The

mountain

ilmrrtat

forest

cover

the

southern slopes of Himalayas and
partsof NorthEast India.At an altitude
of above 3,600 m, Coniferous forest

and grass lands give way to Alpine

Though the Indian grasslands are
not comparable to the savanna or
steppes grasslands, they do occur on

wet soilgroundand in the salt belt and
somehillyareas.They are sub divided
intotwocategories.
L Lawwhand

Graww.

These are found in regions
receiving30 cm to 200 cm of average
annual rainfallwhere the temperature
is highduring summer.These grasses
are

found

on different

soils

and

are

suitablefor cattle-breeding.They are
found in the plains of northern India,

and NorthwestAssam.

9) Forests providenatural habitatsto
primitivetribes,animalsand birds.

2. piam

10) Forests are the madsrators of

Punjab,UttarPradesh,Haryana,Bihar
lraasas

climate and affect temperature,

They are foundat a heightof over
1,000 m in the Himalayas and in the
cleared

forest areas

of the Western

Ghats in Kamataka region. They are
found among small tracts of shola
forests in the southern part of India
too.

humidityand rainfall.
11) Forestsmeet nearly 40 % of the
ertergyneeds ofthe country.
In India, much of its forests and

wild life resourcesare maintainedby
the Forest Department. They are
classied intotwo types as follows:
REEEWE
About half of the total forest
land

has been

declared

as reserved

forests.It is also knownas permanent
foresw. It is regarded as the most
valuable
forests

as far as the conservation
and

tratesie

1) Forestsprovidevaluabletimber for
and commercial

raw materials

for industries

use and
.

2) It supplies a number of mducis
suchas Lac, Gum, Resins,Tanning
materials,

Medicines,

absorb

carbon-di-oxides

resources

are

Farasm

Almost one-third of the total forest

area is protectedforest,as declaredby
the Forest Department. Here, felling
trees are not allowed.

Herbs,

Honeyand Spices.
3) Export of forest products earns
valuableforaignsxchenge.
4) Grazing cattle in the forests helps
in dairyfarming.
5) Many forest reserves have been
developedintoteuristcentras.
6) Forests

life

concerned.

Upland Grassm

domestic

wild

of

The increasing destruction and
degradation of forests have led to
extensive soil erosion, uncertainityin
rainfall and recurring oods. The
Forests

conservation

Act of 1980

formulated

especially

deforestation

of forestlands

was

to check
for

non-

atmospheric

forestrypurposes.In 1988, the act was
amended by prescribing severe

and

punishment

help

in

controllingair pellutloa.

to

violators.

The

emaéan, land reclamation and ood

government should involve village
communitiesand voluntary agencies
for the regenerationof degradedforest

control.

land.

7) Forests help in controlling sail

8) Forests helps in water percolation
and thus maintain undergrmnd
wetertable.

India is one of the very few
countriesin the world,where a policyto

conserve forests was developed in
1894. It was modied and updated in
1952 and 1988.

The male clecves

of the pselicy

1. Bring
33 percent
of the
geographical area under forests
(now it is 20 % only)
Maintain environmental stability
where ecological balance was

Him a Faarees
Minerals

contents

The

minerals

are

do not

called

as

of the

. Check soil erosion, extension
land and reduction

non

metallic

iron

rermsefierrmie

minerals

which do not contain

are

metals,

of

of oods

Petroleum.

iron
Iron ore is the basic

and drought.

nation&#39;s
development.

Increase
forest cover through
social forestry and farm forestry.

described

Increase

have

such as Mica, Lime Stone, Gypsum,
Potash, Coal, etc. Example: Coal and

bio-diversity
country.
desert

which

minerals. For example Gold, Silver,
Copper Bauxite

disturbed.

. Conserve

minerals

productivity of timber,

fuel, and fodder from the forests.

as

the

resetrree

for a

Iron

back

bone

is
of

civilization. India possesses 20% of
the iron deposits of the world&#39;s
total
reserves.

Involve women to encourage
planting trees and stop felling of
trees.

Thus, it is our prime duty to
conserve our countrys natural
vegetation.
The minerals
are broadly
classied into two. They are :
1. Metallic

2. Non - metallic
etallac

Imp

minerals
minerals.

minaerels.

The

metallic

minerals

contain

metals such as Iron, Copper,
Manganese, Bauxite and Gold. They
are

further

minerals

Ferrmis

divided

and non-ferrous

into

ferrous

Nadu.

minerals

called

lferrwus

It is the second largest after the
reserves of Russia. The quality of
Indian ore is very high. Iron producing
areas
in India are Durg in
Chattisgargh, singh bhum districts in
Jharkhand, Mayurbhanj, keonjhar and
Sundergarh district in Orissa and other
areas are Goa, Karnataka and Tamil

minerals.

Minerals having more iron content
are

Bra

rraerais.

For

example. Iron, Manganese, Nickel,
Cobalt, and Tungsten.

Manganese
India occupies fth position in the
production of manganese. It is
estimated

that

about

20

%

of

the

Z

mmwcmmcmé
m_u:_

90
co:
m_v:_

z<_oz_
z<m_o

n_H_>>o
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manganese depositsof the world are
in India.

extreme lightnessit has got enormous
industrialimportance.
The major bauxite producing
centers of India are Bilaspur in
Chattisgarh, Ranchi in Jharkhand,
Ratnagiri,

Raigarh

in Maharastra,

Sambalpur,Kalahandiin Orissa. Goa,
Gujarat, Karnataka and TamilNadu
(Salem, Madurai,Nilgiri).

Mangwssa

Manganeseplaysa very important
rolein the ironand steel industryas it is
necessaryto make steel hard and rust
proof. Manganese dioxide is used for
the manufactureof dry batteries. It is
also used in manufacturingbleaching
powder and paints. Manganese
produced areas are Balaghat in
Madhya

Pradesh,

Keonjhar,

Boonaigarh in Orissa. Bellary,
Chitradurga, Shimoga in Karnataka,
TamilNadu. Maharashtra.Gujaratand
Bihar.

apper
Copper is another metal found in
natureas a goodconductorof heatand
electricity.It has an importantrole in
the Electricalgoods industry. Copper
is mixed

with

metals

to form

alloys.

Copper producing areas are
Singhbhum in Jharkhand,Gunturand
NelloreinAndhraPradesh,Balaghatin
Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan and
Karnataka.
Mica

is

a

bad

conductor

of

electricity and so it is used in the
manufactureof slarical gwds. India
contributes

Eauxéie

other

about

60%

of the

mica

productionin the world. Major mica
producingstates of India are Andhra
Pradesh,

Jharkhand,

Bihar

and

Rajasthan.

The total volume

of usable

mineral

depositsis one percent of the earth&#39;s
crust. We rapidly consumingmineral
resources.
Bauxite

It

is

the

ore

But

the

geological

processesof mineralformationare so
slow and therefore they are non
of

aluminum.

Aluminumisa lightmetalformedbythe
decomposition of rocks rich in
aluminum silicates. Due to good
conducting, great malleability and

rariewabte...
A concerted

effort has to be made

in order to use our mineral

resources

in

a planned and sustainable manner.
New technologies need to be evolved

to use low grade ores at low costs,
recycled metals. using scrap metals

16% fromAssam.The remaining3% is
rigged from Arunachal Pradesh,

and other substitutes

Andhra

mineral

resources

to conserve

forthe

our

Pradesh

and Tamil Nadu

future.

Energy is an inevitable resource
in our day-to-daylife. It is an essential
component in economical and
technological development. Coal,
Petroleum, natural gas solar energy
and wind energy are some of the
sourcesof energy. EnergyResources
can be classied

into Non-Renewable

and Renewable energy resources.

Oil drilling in Mumbai High
Natural

Coal

Coal is the majorenergy resource
in India. The 67% of the energy
requirementof the countryis met from
coal. It is mainly used in Iron and steel
industries.

Coal is also known as Black

Gold. Coal is classied into many
varieties based on its quality and the
amount of carboncontent in it. They
are

1.Anthracite

2.Bituminous

3.Lignite 4.Charcoa|.
Many coalelds are locatedin the
northeastern

India.

About two thirds of

the total productionof coal is made
from Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarhand Orissa. One third of
the total productionis obtained from

Gas

Depositsof naturalgas are seen in
the earth crusteither independentlyor
alongwith Petroleum. About23 billion
cubic meters of naturalgas is used in
India. India&#39;s
natural gas reserve is
only 700 billion cubic meters. Most of

the depositsof naturalgas is found in
Andhra

Pradesh.

Maharashtra.

Gujarat,AssamandAndaman-Nicobar
islands.

Andaman

alone

has

about

47.6 millioncubicmetersof naturalgas
reserve.Recentlyit has beenfoundout
that Krishna

- Goclhavari

delta

has

reserves of natural gas.

The roleof electricityin the growth
and developmentof a nation is very
large. Electricityis mainly producedin
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West
three ways. They are 1.Thennal
Bengaland UttarPradesh
electricity2. Hydroelectricity3.Nuc|ear
Petrolfeurn,
known
asMineral
Ctrlt; electricity.
1. Thermal Electricity
is mined from the layers of
sedimentaryrocks.Indiahas a reserve
of 4000 milliontons, but only 25% of it
is possibleto be excavated. About 33
milliontons of petroleumin mined in
India annually. 63% of this is from
Mumbai High. 18% from Gujarat and

Thennal Electricity or thermal
energy is produced using coal,
petroleum,natural gas etc. The state
of Assam. Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh.

West Bengal and Tamil Nadu depend
mainlyon thennal electricity.It is also

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PAKISTAN

ARABIAN
SEA

BAY
OF
ENGAL

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2. Warha vaey
3. Gaavari vaiiay
4. Tamser

INDIAN
OCEAN

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9. Rajemhai
16. Raniganj
1%..
Nayveii

produced in Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa
and Delhi. 70% of the total production
of electricityin India is from thermal
powerstation.

Easilyavailable

2.. Hydra Electricity
In India the rst hydro electricity
power station was started 1897 in
Darjeeling. In 1902 another power

Environmentfriend

station

was

established

Cauvery.At presenttwentyve percent
of the electricityproducedin India is
from hydropower.It highly inuences
the economic development of India.

Hydro electricityis mainlyproducedin
Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,

Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya,
Tripura and Sikkim. Kerala depends
mainlyon hydroelectricityprojectsfor
the generationof electricity.
Eiactricity

Nuclear Electricity is produced
from minerals such as uranium and

thorium. They are mined mainlyfrom
the state of Jharkhand

Pollution

and the Aravalli

free

Lowproductioncost

at

Sivasamudra.m watjarfalls, in river

uclsar

Renewable

. Continuous availability
star Ezaargy
India,

located

in the tropical

region,has immensepotentialof solar
energy. Sunlight can be directly
converted to electricity through the
&#39;p.bata
vcltaictmhrlplcgyi.It is possible
to generate 20megawatt of electricity
throughthismethodfrom 1sq.km.area.
Solar energy is most commonlyused
in CookingandLighting.The largest
solarenergyconversioncentrein India
is locatedat ¥u¬adl1appri&#39;,,
near Bhuj in
Gujarat.
[Wind Energy

ranges of Rajasthan. Uranium is
separated from the monazite, coastal
sands

of Kerala.

50%

of the world&#39;s

thorium deposit is found in India,
Tharapur (Maharashtra), Kalpakkam
(TamiINadu), Rawath Bhatta (KotaRajasthan), Narora (Uttar Pradesh),
Kakrapara (Gujarat) and Kaiga
(Kamataka) are the nuclear power
stations in India.India produces 272

megawattof nuclearenergyannually.
Wind artery?

As the demand for energy
increases the importance for
renewable resourcesof energy such
as Sun, Wind, Tide, Biogas etc, are
also increasing. The peculiaritiesof
theseenergysourcesare;

Wind energy producing centers
are establishedin many parts of the
country. The initial expenses for
erectingthe windmillsare huge. Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Lakshadweephave
windenergyproducingcentres.
iogas
Bushes,wastesfromcrops,human
and

animal

wastes

are

used

to

produce biogas. These materials are

India is presently one of the least
energy efficient countries in the world.

allowed to decay in order to produce
the gas. This gas is used for domestic

We have to adopt a cautious approach

purposes in rural areas. Biogas can

for the judicious use of our limited

give higher temperature compared

energy

with kerosene

We can csmsewe energy Izzy:

and charcoal.

resources.

a) using public transport systems
India is estimated to possess 8000

to 9000 megawatt of tidal Energy
potential. The Gulf of Khambat is the
best suited with 7000 MW potential.

This is followed by Katch (1000MW)
and Sundarban (100MW).
Wave energy potential in India is
estimated of about 40,000MW. A wave

energy power plant of 150 KW has
been installed at Vihinjam near

instead

of individual

vehicles

b) Switching off electricity when it is
not in use,

c) using power saving devices
d) using non-conventional sources of
energy.
Because
energy
saved is energy produced.

We know that nature provides us all

wave energy plant is being setup in the

resources to satisfy our basic needs
but we tend to overexploit it. If we go on

Andaman

exploiting the nature, there will be no

Thiruvanthapuram.

Another

and Nicobar

1MW

Islands.

more

Energy is a basic requirement for
economic development.

Every sector

of the national economy such as
agriculture,
industry, transport,
commerce

energy

and

inputs.

domestic

The

needs

developmental

plans are being implemented since
Independence

in all sectors. As a

result, consumption of energy in all
forms has been steadily rising all over
thecountry.
In this background,

there is an

urgent need to develop a "sustainable

path of energy development*.
Promotion of energy conservation and
increased use of renewable energy
sources
sustainable

are

the

twin

conservation.

planks

of

resources

available

in

future.

There is an urgent need to conserve
the nature.

Some

of the needs

are

1. To maintain ecological balance for

supporting life.
2. To preserve different
species (biodiversity).
3. To

make

the

resources

kind of
available

for present and future generation.
4. To

ensure

human

race.

the

survival

of

EXERQSE

1}Choose the correct answer.
1)The soil found in the Arid zone is known as
a) Desert soil

b) Laterite soil

c) Black soil

d)A||uvia| Soil

2) The Monsoon forests are othenrvisecalled as
a) Tropical evergreen forest

b) Deciduous forest

c) Mangrove forest

d) Mountain forest

3) Which one of the following mineral is contained in the monazite sand
a)Oi|

b)Uranium

c)Thorium

d)Coa|

1:)matchthefollowing.
1) Black soil

Petroleum

2) Lignite

Cotton cultivation

3) Mangrove forest

Atype of coal

4) Renewable resources

Sundarban

5) Non renewable resources

Sun

lit) Bistinguishxhetweesn.
1) Tropical evergreen forest and Tropical monsoon forest

2) Renewable resource and Non renewable resource
3) Wind energy and thermal energy.
W) Short answers.
1) What do you understand by the term natural resource ?
2) What are the properties of fertile soil?
3) Name any four main characteristics of the tropical evergreen forest ?
4) Give the meaning of shrub and thorn forest?
5) Name the mica producing areas of India ?
V).An$weztheiaiiawing

in paragraph.

1) Write the importance of forest.
2) Describe the need forthe conservation of natural resources ?

4. INBIA soAGRECULTLIRE
Agriculture plays a vital role in
socio-economic development of India.
It is a source

of livelihood

and

food

security for Indians. It constitutes large
share of country&#39;s
national income
because

more

than

half

of

India&#39;s

workforce is employed in agriculture.
The growth of industries and trade also
depend on the growth of agriculture.

contributes

for

the

cultivation

of

crops in all seasons. The amount of
rainfall determines the cropping
pattern. For example wheat requires
moderate temperature whereas rice

patterns are practiced due to varied

requires high temperature for its
growth. That is why wheat is cultivated

geographical factors. Now, we will deal
about how geographical factors

Tami|Nadu.

determine

3.. oii types

In India different

agricultural

the agricultural

activities

and patterns of agriculture and how
agriculture contributes to national
economy.

Major determinant

factors

of

agriculture:

important geographical
determining
rich

the
alluvial

factors

cropping
soil

in

pattern.

favours

the

while

black soil favours the growth of cotton.
4.. Water

3) Soiltypes
4) Water

Another most important factor in
determining
agriculture
is the

&#39;1.
i..arn:i¥m&#39;rn
a

land

of

diverse

landscape comprising of mountains,
plateaus and plains. Among them the
plains are more suitable for agriculture
due to ricittaltuvliai

the

to be one of the most

growth of rice and sugarcane

2) Climate

is

in

In spite of the growth in technology
soil still continues

Thus

1) Landform

India

in Punjab and rice is cultivated

agricultural

soil which enhance

productivity.

For

example plains of Ganga and Cauvery.

2.Ciiimate

availability of water. India is a monsoon
country with uneven distribution of
rainfall. Irrigation facilities cannot be
given to all parts of the nation. So crops
that require abundant water are grown
in areas of high rainfall or in regions
covered under irrigation. To meet the
food requirement
of the growing

population in the areas of low rainfall
(in; crops are grown.

Four
different
types
offarming
are

Most
part
ofIndia
lies
within
the
tropics and enjoys tropical mansmnt
ctimatse.The abundant solar energy,
favours the growth of crops throughout
the year. The seasonal rainfalladded
with the irrigational facilities also

generally practiced in our country and
they are:

1. Primitive agriculture
2. Subsistence agriculture
3. Commercial agriculture
4. Plantation agriculture.

E. Primitive agrzuitura
Primitiveagricultureis practisedin
the forest areas where heavy rainfall
occurs.A portionof forestis clearedfor
cultivationand cropsare raisedfor two
or three years. Then they abandonthe
land and shift to another part. This is
still practisedon a small scale in the
North Eastern States, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa,Andhra Pradesh and
Kerala.

of agriculture is also known as
"irlternsiva zagfliif
and it is
generallypractisedinalluvialplains.
3.. Eammsmiai agrisisitma
Crops in great demand are grown
in Commercialagriculture.In this type
cropsare raised on a large smie with
the view of exportingthem to other
countries and for earning foreign
exchange. This type of agricultureis
otherwise

called

as

Exiteztisive

agi*i/cuimra.It is practisedin Gujarat,
Punjab,

Haryana,

Maharastra

and

TamilNadu. Commercial agricultural
products are used as raw materials in

the agrcbased industries. Example
cereals,cotton,sugarcane,jute etc.
2. ubsiatanee

griieuiture

The predominanttype of Indian
agricultureis subsistencefarming. In
thistype nearlyhalfof the productionis
used for family consumptionand the
rest is sold in the nearby markets.The
farmers concentrate on staple food
cropslikericeandwheat.
Example: North Ganga plain and
in the south Cauvery. Krishna,
Godhavari and Mahanadhi plains.

Large scale improvement has
been made in Indian agricultureafter
independence.The farmer tries to get
the maximumpossibleoutputfrom the
available land with high input of
fertilizers, manures, hybrid variety of
seeds,farm machineriesand irrigation
facilitieswherever possible.This type

4. Piaatatiarg agrisuitum
In this type of agriculture.single
crop is raised on a large area. The
plantation

has

an

interface

of

agriculture and industry. The
plantationsare mostly owned by the
companies. Tea, Coffee and Rubber
are plantationcrops.These crops are
grown on the hilly areas of North
EasternStatesof India,west Bengal,
The
Cardamom

Nilgris, Anaimalai
hills of South India.

and

Thefarmers
decide
thecropping
pattern.
Thefollowing
table
shows
the traditional way of cropping pattern based on the climate.

Cropping pattern

Theagricultural
activities
begin
withtheonset
ofmonsoon
inthemonth
ofJune.
India have three major cropping seasons in a year, as shown in the following table

Diversity
of food crops IS
ascertained according to the factors of
temperature, rainfall and soil type. The
majorfood crops of India are:
Paddy
Paddy is the most important food
crop of India. India stands in second

place in the production of paddy. India
and China together produce about
90% of the total world production of
Agricultural seasons

Paddy growing areas

Bay of Bengai
Arabian

Sea

indian

Ocean

Paddy. In areas of less rainfall
particularlyin Punjab and Haryanait
is grown with the help of irrigation.

Cheap labour is requiredfor sowing.
weeding, harvesting and other
processes.Sugandh5. Sukaradhara-1
are the hybrid variety seeds
recommended

for the cultivation

in the

areas of Haryana, Delhi, Jammu and
Kashmir and
Pradesh

uphills of Himachal

and Uttaranchal.

The otherriceproducingstatesare
west Bengal, Punjab. Uttarpradesh.
Bihar and Orissa in North India and
Tamilnadu

and

Andhra

Pradesh

paddy crops grown in this region are
classied

as Samba,

Kuruvai and

"|&#39;ha|adi&#39;
on the basis of the duration

of

paddy growth. Samba is a long term
crop. It is grown for about ve to six
months.Kuruvaiisa cropgrownwithin
three or four months.The paddygrown
in the eld ploughedwiththe stumpsof
the previous harvest is known
colloquiallyas theThaladi.
Althoughthis way of cultivationof
paddyis stillin practice.it is now been
changed with the impact of modem
cropping.This has also led to great
changeeven in harvestseasons.

in

South India. Most of the productionis
consumed locally due to dense

Wheat is an importantfood Crop. It
is the staple food for the northernand

population. Rice is cultivated two to

northwestem part of India. Wheat is

three times in a year intensivelyin the

cultivatedbothinwinterand spring.

deltas

of

Mahanadhi,

Godavari,

Krishnaand Cauvery

Wheat

UttarPradeshand Haryanaare the
major producers.
Rajasthan,
Madhyapradesh.

Chattisgarh.

Maharastra,Gujarat,
and
Andhrapradeshare the other wheat
producing states. The productionof
wheat has been increased in Punjab
and Haryana due to the impact of
Green Revolution.Our countryis now
in a position to export wheat to other

Paddy Field

There is something special about

paddycultivationin ThanjavurDistrict.
the rice

bowl

of Tamil

Nadu.

The

countries.

Besides, paddy and wheat, dry
crops also play vital role in the food

Wham grawing areas

Bay emf
Bengal
Arabian

Saa

EnVdia:nQcean

RAINBGW

QF REV£.T§¥il$

grainproduction.They growwell even
in the infertitlesoil. They are drought
resistant crops.

Millets as cereal crops are
intermediate

between

Many other crops are also
cultivatedin our countryin additionto
the above food crops. Sugarcane,
(lotion, Joins.Taa. Emilee. {Iii Saws.
and Rubberare some among
then.They are mainlyproducedas raw
materialsfor industries.Besides,they
form export material that can earn
foreign exchange. So they are known
as cast: amps. They have great
inuence on the Indianeconomyalso.

uzgarmaa

rice and wheat.

It includesjowar,bajraand ragi. Millets
are coarse grain, and dry crops.They
are cultivatedin poor soils. They are
rich in nutritionalcontent higher than
wheat or rice.They also providefodder
for cattle.Milletsare grownin almostall

Sugar
Cane
isatropical
crop.
It
grows well in the hot humid climate.
Indiaisthe birthplaceof sugarcane.

the states in India, but the important

producers are Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa. Bihar,

Maharastraand Gujarat.
Fuiians

Pulse crops include a large
number of crops which are mostly
leguminous and rich in proteins.
Pulses

serve

as an excellent

fodder

Slmrmie

It ranks second in production next

though grams are the most important
pulses. Other pulses are black gram,
greengram, lentile, horse gram, peas

to Brazil. The Major sugarcane
producing states are Uttarpradesh.

etc.

Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharastra.
Bihar,Punjaband Haryana.

Pulses are grown in a wide range

of climatic conditionsmostly in drier
areas with or without irrigation
facilities. Pulses require a mild cool
weather

and a low to moderate

rainfall.

The most importantproducersare

Tamil

Cotton is a major bre crop of
India. It provides raw material for
cotton textile industry.Cotton grows
well in tropicaland subtropicalclimate.
Black

Punjab,

cotton

Andhrapradesh and Tamilnadu.

Andhrapradesh.

atten

Madya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana,

Maharastra,Gujarat,

Nadu,

soil is the most suitable
cultivation.

India

has

soil for
fourth

positionin the worldcottonproduction.
The main cotton growing states are
Gujarat,Maharastra,Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya
Pradesh,Punjaband Haryana.

Sugar Cane Growing Areas

Andhra V esh
Bay nf Bengal
6:2

Arabian Sea

Uewe
8
9q00.N

£3

1511
a£3

Cotton and Juie Grawing Areas

u - hya Pradesh

Bay :12?
Belngaii

fiiifi-3
2:)
5*?

at:

£13
Arabian
Sea

£3:

Jute
spreadto differentpartsof the country.
Jute
isalso
the
most
important
India is the third largest producer
bre cropnextto cotton.The bre isthe

followed by China and U.S.A. The
major tobacco producing stales are

cheapest and has a commercial
demand because of its softness,

TamiINadu,

strength, length and uniformity.It is

Karnataka

demanded

it

for

the

manufacture

of

gunny bags, hessain, carpets, ropes,
strings, rugs and cloth, tarpaulins,
uphoistryetc.

Suds
India

Andhra

is one

of

Pradesh

the

oil

and

seed

producingcountriesof the world. India
growsalltypesof oilseedsexceptolive
and palmoil. Oil seeds are grown
mainly in the tropical and substropical
regions.
Indian oil seeds are.

groundnut, sesamum, rape seed,
mustard, linseed, sunflower seed,

castor seed, coconut, soyabean etc.
Oil is an impartantitem of Indianfood.
The

oil

seeds

are

used

as

raw

materials for manufacturinga large
number of products and form cattle
Jam Plant?

Its cultivationis restrictedmainly
to the Ganga Brahamaputradelta in
west Bengal,Bihar,Orissa,Assamand
Meghalaya. Because this crop
requires hot and damp climate. The
soil should be well drained

feed and manure.The majoroil seeds
producing states are Gujarat,
Maharashtra,
Tamilnadu.
Andhrapradesh, Madhyapradesh,
Orissa and Karnataka

fertile soil in

the ood plains where soils are
renewedeveryyear.
Tobacco

Tea Esme

Team

Tobacco

is

said

to

have

been

broughtto India by the portuguesein
1508. Sincethen cultivationgradually

It is an importantbeverage crop.
The tea plantgrowswell in tropicaland
subtropical climates endowed with
deep and fertile soil. Well drained hill
slopesbetween3000- 4000 feet height
are suitable for cultivation. Assam,

West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
are the majorproducers.

Nadu and Kerala. Grape is cultivated
mainly in Uttaranchal, Himachal
Pradesh,

Jammu

Maharashtra,
Nadu

Andhra

and Karnataka.

and

Kashmir,

Pradesh,

Tamil

India contributes

about 13% of the worlds production of

vegetables.

Animal
Coffee

Berries

Coffee is the most important
beverage crop. Indian coffee is known
for its quality. Karnataka produces 60%
of Indian coffee. Other coffee growing
states

are Kerala

and Tamil Nadu.

Rubber
Rubber

is obtained

from

latex

of

rubber tree. Though India occupies
sixth position in the world in once of
cultivation in production of natural
rubber

it stands

fth

in

the

areas

is

conned

to

the

plays

an

women.

Production

of suitable

cross

breeds and their wider adoptions has
contributed to increase in country&#39;s
milk production. Poultry and eggs are
increasing
through
genetic
improvement and better management
practices. The contribution of these
sub sector

is estimated

to be about

25

percent of the total value of output

world.

Rubber plantations cover large areas
in southern part of India. About 95% of
the

husbandry

important role in over all economy and
in supplementing family income. It
generates employment in the rural
sector particularly among the landless,
small and marginal farmers and

agricultural sector.

lower

elevations of western ghats in Kerala
State and 5% is spread over Tamil
Nadu,

Karnataka

Nicobar

islands

and

Andaman

Fruits
wandWvegetablesmare
important supplement

to the human

diet, as they provide essential
minerals, vitamins and bres required
for maintaining health. India has the
second position in the production of

fruits and vegetables. Apple is mostly
produced
Kashmirand

of

banana,

in

Himachal
Uttaranchal.

is

Pradesh,
Production

concentrated

in

Tamilnadu and Maharashtra. Orange
is cultivated
in Maharashtra,
Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil

Dairy Fanning

Though the overall contribution of
sheries is small, maitiiayersh militate
has resulted in a very high annual

g wthdurin th

td

d

Tea and Coffee gnawing areas

Bay at Bengai

indiagnDcean

3. Rapid
construction

increase

work

of

in

industries

the
and

residential buildings reduce the extent

Thebenetsadapting
tlbiotechnologyof cultivable

lands.

in agriculture are,

Adopting
Biotechnology
environmentally
safe

is
and

sustainable.

- Cost of production of the farmers will
be decreased.

- Water requirement for the crop is
minimised.

- It makes crops more resistant to
insects, pests and diseases.
- The yield of the crops per hectare can
be increased.

- Farmers can get more income.

1. Indian agriculture is a gamble

of monsoon. Monsoons are irregular
unevenly distributed and uncertain. It
exerts
a very
unfavourable
inuence on agriculture.

4. Global climatic changes affect
agriculture through their direct and
indirect effects on the crops, soil,
livestock and pests.
5. The previous strategies for more
productivity cause serious problems of
environmental

and

natural

resource

degradation. In future technologies
must result not only in increased
productivity level but also ensure the

quality of natural resources. So it will
lead to sustainable improvements
agricultural
production.

in

At present we can say that India is
in a comfortable position in food
production.

Systems

2. The serious drainage problem
caused
by the increased
construction of roads, railways and
canals

drainage
normal

disturbed

the

system
flow

of

by
rain

natural

checking
water

and

bringing heavy oods. This results i n
large scale damage to kharif crop and
considerable late sowing of rabi
crop.

In future India&#39;s
population might
increase to 1300 million approximately
by the year 2020. At that time with
efficient management of natural
resources will meet increasing
demand
by adopting
modern
technology in farming, by increasing
farmer&#39;s
access to markets, improving
agricultural productivity and public
education.

EXERCISE

3}Choose the correct wmtsi.
1) Rice is grown well in the
a) black soil

b) Iaterite soil

c) alluvial soil

d) red soil

2) Tea and coffee crops are grown well on the
a) mountain slopes

b) Plain

c) Coastal plain

d) River Valleys

3) The crop that grows in drought is

a) rice
4) Cotton is a

b) wheat

c) jute

a) food crop
b) cash crop
5) The staple food crops are

d) millets

c) plantation crop

a) rice and wheat

b) coffee and tea

c) Cotton and jute

d) fruits and vegetables

ll) Match the following.
1) Wheat

West Bengal

2) Sugarcane

Kerala

3) Apple

Uttarpradesh

4) Rubber
5) Jute

Punjab
Himachal Pradesh
Tamil

nadu

Karnataka

lit} Disstinguirshbetween.
1) Commercial and subsistance agriculture.
2) Kharif and rabi crops
3) Unicropping and dual cropping

&#39;lV)l
Give Slm: Answers?
1) What are the major determinant factors of agriculture?
2) What are the types of agriculture?
3) Name the agricultural seasons in India?

4) Why dry crops are grown?

d) dry crop

5) Name the cotton growing areas of India?
6) What are Plantation Crops?
V} Write a Paragmplh answers
1)What are the benefits of adopting bio-techonology in agriculture?
2) Discuss any three current challenges in Indian agriculture?

Vi) Mark the fatimwing on the Buffing maps of lndia.
1) Cotton growing areas
2) Jute growing areas
3) Rice growing areas
4) Tea and Coffee growing areas
5) Wheat growing areas

Vii} Activities?
Visit a paddy eld or tea plantation and make a report on the activities
involved in the cultivation process.

WEEA M QNBUSTREES
A country becomes rich by
convertingthe natural resources into
usable products. So the key to
prosperity of any country lies in
increasing manufacturing industries.
India is rich in natural resources.

These

resources include forest products,
agricultural products and Minerals.
Some

of the resources

can

be used

directly but some of them need
prpcesaiag.Forexample cottonhasto
be processedbefore it is broughtinto
use in the form of nished product.So
cottonisthe raw materialof agricultural
origin. Similarly products like petrol,
diesel, kerosene and gasoline are
derived at different degrees of
refinement of petroleum. Thus
Petroleumisof mineralorigin.
Though agriculture is the major
occupation of the people in India,
there has beena tremendousgrowthin
Industriesunder ve year plansand it
has provided job opportunities for
many

people.

This

in turn

Paws?
Most

of the industries

tend

to be

locatednear the sourceof power.The
power is needed to process raw
materials.For example Iron and steel
industriesare generally located near
the coal elds because it requires
about5 tonsof cokingcoalto melt 1 ton
ofiron ore.

par:-mar Vallay F-=-raga

Transport

has

improvedtheirstatusat iiving.

The location of an industry is
determined by raw material, power,
transport, man power, water, market

and governmentpolicies.
aw

Material

Industriesare locatedwith respect
to the availabilityof raw materials.For
example, Sugar industry is located
near the raw material region
(sugarcaneeld) because sugarcane
is a weight losingmaterialand when it
is processed, the weight of sugar
becomes 10 per cent of the weight of
sugarcane.

Bochlnilramery

Transportis an importantfactorfor
carrying
raw materials
to
manufacturing units and finished
productsto the market. For example
Iron

and

steel

industries

and

oil

reneries are located near railway
stations or near the port as these
industries involve a high cost of
transportation.

Man Power

Availabilityof skilledand unskilled
or technicallyqualied manpoweris an
important factor for the location of
industries. Adequate supply of
unskilled

labour

in urban

locations

is

due to rural-urban migration. For
example Mumbaigets manpowerfrom
all overthe country.
Water

Water

is very essential for

industries like iron and steel, textiles,

rayon,paper etc. For example 1 ton of
steel

needs

300

tons

of

water

for

coolingand 1 ton of rayon needs 100
tonsof waterfor bleaching.Hence the
above

industries

are located

near the

availability of capital and export
potentialof products.
On the basis of the source

of raw

materials, industries are classied into

Agra based industries,Forest based
industries

and

Mineral

based

industries.

These rndustnesuse agricultural
productsas their basic raw material.
For example. Cotton textile industry,
jute industry,sugarindustryetc.
Cotton Textile industry
Cottontextile industryis based on
indigenous raw materials, cotton. It

rivers, canals or lakes.

contributes

Market

production,provides employment to
35 million persons and 4% towards

High demand and purchasing
powerdetemrinethe market. So most
of the

industries

are

located

close

14%

industrial

GDP.
Mumbai

to

the centersof consumptionbecauseit
reducesthe cost of transportationand
enablesthe consumersto get thingsat
comparativelycheaperrates.

about

in

Maharashtra

is

the

leading cotton textile centre and it is
called as the Manchester

of lrrdia.

The followingfactorsfavourthe cotton
textile industries in Mumbai;

Government Policy
In almost every country, the
governmentpoliciesplay an important
role in detennining the lotion of
industries.In order to avoid regional
disparities,the State governmenthas
marked out certain areas as industrial
zones.

These

industrial

zones

and

governmentconcessionshave helped
in the growth of industries in the
backwardareas.

Nowadays due to scientic and
technological
development,
geographicalfactors, man power and
energy are considered as negligible
factors. Therefore

new factors have

cometo play majorroleswhichinclude
skilled managerial
services,

Cctlan Textileindustry

Q
Q

Locationof part facilitiesfor the
exportofnished goods.
Well connectedthroughrailand
road links with cotton growing
areas.

Humid coastal

climate favours

yarning.
Availabilityof Capitalgoodsand
nance.

twines. Now jute is also being used in

plastic furniture insulation, bleached
bers

to blend

with

wool.

It is also

mixed with cotton to make carpets and
blankets.

£3 Availabilityofrnampowaz:
The MajorCottontextileproducing
states

of India are

Maharashtra,

Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh,

Nearly 90% jute industries are
located in West Bangs! mainly along
the Flooghlyver. Recentlythere has
been dispersal of jute industries in

and Tamil Nadu.

Uttar Pradesh,

In Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore,
Chennai,
Tirunelveli.
Madurai,

Andhra

Tuticorin. Salem. Virudhunagar and
Pollachi are the major cotton textile
centers.

Bihar, Orissa and

Pradesh.

Saga? industry
it IndianSugar Industryis the second
largest agro based industryin India.
Sugar factories are located near the
areas

of

cultivation

followingfactors:

irzdusy
The Jute sector has been playing
an importantrolein the economyof the
country.
It provides sizeable
employment in the agricultural and
industrial

sectors.

About

4

million

farmersare engaged in the cultivation
of jute. India tops in the productionof
rawjute and jute goodsand second in
the export of jute goods next to
Bangladesh.

rsugarcane

due

to

the

lrsiuslry

is a weight losing

material

it It cannotbe storedfor longtime, as it
loses sucrose

content.

ilk It cannot be transported for long
distances.

Sincethe sugarcaneharvestingis
done in a particular season and the

crushingcontinuedto a limitedperiod
and the sugarfactoriesdo not function
throughoutthe year.
Uttar

Jute Emiustry

Jute productsincludegunnybags,
canvas, pack sheets, jute webs,
Hessians, carpets, cordage and

Pradesh

and

Bihar

alone

account for 70% of the sugar produ
ction. So this belt is known as sugar
bowl of India. Punjab, Haryana,
Maharashtra.
Pradesh

Karnataka,

Andhra

and Tamil Nadu are the other

sugarproducingstatesof India.

Majar Cattcm Textile lm1ustries in India

V

Méanpur

M5wai§or

sujjain
r Ahamaaziabad

asAummaba

anim

a: tare

Nellikupam,Pugalur, Coimbatore
and Pandyarajapuramare the famous
centres for sugar productionin Tamil
Nadu.
The

Government

of

India

has

developed a dual price system for
internalsugar trade. Every sugar mill
has to sell 40% of its productionto the
government at a xed price. The

inuenced by butkyraw materialsand
to a lesser extent by market-

The Indian paper industry is
ranked one among the fteen top
global paper industriesin the worfd.
The leadingstates in paper production
in our country are West Bengal,
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka

and And hra Pradesh.

government sells this sugar through

publicDistributionSystem. Rest of the
60% is sold in the open market at a
higherprice

Mineral
metallic

based

industries

and non-metallic

use both

minerals

as

raw materials. The Major mineral
basedindustryof ourcountryisthe iron
and steel industry.

India&#39;s
major iron and steel
industries

are located

either

near

the

elds or imrlms minesor midway
India
has
arich
diversity
offorest anal
between
the coal and iron ore elds.

resources which are capable of
supportinga wide varietyof industries.
The

most important is the paper

industry.
Paper incluswy

Most of our country&#39;s
major iron and
steel

industries

are

located

in

the

Erupts.Nagpur Plateau region due to
the followingreasons:
it High grade haematite
and
magnetite ironore are available
from the mines of Jharkhand, Bihar,

Orissa, Madhya
Chattisgarh.

Pradesh

and

Papas industry

Paper industry is a vital and core

industry for any country. The Raw
materials for paper industry include
woodpulp, bamboo, salai and sabai

grasses, waste paper and bagasse.
Location of the industry is greatly

Emalrtdustry

iltJharia
and Singbhum
in
Jharkhand,
Raniganj in west

Bengal have abundant coking coal
suited

for

the

manufacture

of

high grade steel.

41%
West Bengal and Jharkhand states
are

rich

in ux

materials

needed

for

purifying.
The control and management of
IISCO were taken over by SA|L(Stee|
Authority of India) in 1972. The

4%
Limestone
from
Ranchi,
Silica
from
Jabalpur and Dhanbad, Dolamite
from Madhya Pradesh, Quartz from
Bihar

are

available

in

close

company produces pig iron and crude
steel.

3.

Visveshwaraya. lean and Steel

proximity.

India has 11 Integrated steel plants
and 150 mini steel plants and a large
number of rolling and re rolling mills.
I. Tate tree and Steel Ecmpany
ll
In

1907

Tata

Iron

and

Steel

Company was setup at ciamshedgwri
now it is called Tata Steel limited.

It is

the oldest and the largest integrated

ironand steel plantin India.It is the 10"
largest producer of Iron and Steel in
the World. The company produces pig
iron and steel.

Visveshwaraya
Iron
and
Steel
Limited were set up in 1923 at
Bhadravati in Karnataka. Its major
products are alloy and special steel.
age. emeuaem steer Mmited {HeigBhilai
The

HSL-

Bhilai

is located

in the

Durg district of Chattisgarh. started its
production in 1965 BhiIai&#39;s
rail and
e;tr%.lc2i...Ire.§
{Hill are

one

of the

most

modern and largest in the world. It has
also started making plates for ship
building industry.
ab. Hindustan Street Limited (H$iL}»~
Rcurkele

The Rourkela plant was started in

1959 in the Sundargarh district of
Orissa. Its major products include hot
and cold rolled sheets, galvanized
sheets and electrical steel plates.
Iran andteel industry

2.. indies: Iran and -steelBempeny

iiiimtii

4.5. Hindustan Smelt i:cimited(H$LI}~
mtrgeputr
The Durgapur steel plant is located
at Bardhaman district of West Bengal.
It was setup

in 1965.

This plant

specializes in the manufacture fo alloy
steel, construction
material
and
railway items like wheel axles and
sleepers.

The
steel
plants
atKulti,
Burnpur

ircmand:

Steel mdustries

mkarxzai
I Emwur
Jamshezmum

imrgaméé

éshaiahaggamfam

Bay csfBfengai
Ivrjayaszagar

Afabian
Sea
I Ehaéravati
laam.

inrdian Gcaan

sums Satara Etaei plant
The Salem steel plant is located at
Salem

in Tamilnadu

and

started

its

production in 1982. This plant is the
major producer of the world class
stainless steel which is exported to

The growth of automobile industry
in India is only after the independence,
The rst automobile industry was
started at Kurla (Mumbai) in 1947
under

the name

of Prremiafaitltcmcbilc

manyadvanced countriesintheworld.

limited.

In 1948

ms

limited

setup the automobile industry

Ettjsyeanzlsgaar
twct; Plant

The Vijayanagar steel plant has
been setup at Tomagal in Karnataka.
This tshais:hspa.mam meet Plant
The Vishakhapatnam steel plant
came into operation in 1992. This is the
rst plant in the shore region. This is
the most sophisticated and modern
integrated steel plant in the country. It

Hindustan

motors

at Uttarpara, (Kolkota). In the last 30
years, India has made a tremendous
progress
in this industry
by
manufacturing commercial vehicles,
passenger cars, jeeps, scooters,
motorcycles, mopeds and three
wheelers.

is a major export oriented steel plant.
Mini steel plants are decentralized

secondary units with capacity ranging
from 10,000 tonnes to 5 lakh tonnes

per year. It operates through electric
furnaces and generally use ferrous
scrap, pig iron or sponge iron as raw
materials. They help in recycling of iron
and make the scrap useful and
protable. They produce mild steel,
alloy steel and stainless steel.
There

are

more

than

150

Mini

A

ilsinduatry

The major centres are Mumbai,
Chennai, Kolkata, New Delhi, Pune,
Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Satara and
Mysore.

Steel plants with an installed capacity

With Liberalization of the economy
there
are several
foreign

of about

collaborations

120

lakhs

tonnes

of crude

steel per annum. Most of the mini steel
plants are located in areas far away
from the major steel plants, so that they
can meet the local demands.

They suit the Indian economy
because they require less investment.
As these units are smaller in size they
can be conveniently located in the
industrial

towns.

and

well

in the automobile

known

world

leaders

sector
have

entered the market
Suzuki, General
motors, Ford, Mitsubishi,
Honda,
Mercedes,
Nissan,
Mahindra
&
Mahindra

and Millennium

Motors.

The electronic Industry In India
started with radio manufacturing in the
1850s. The setting up of lftdiara
Telepticrts industry in 1950 at
Bangalore gave a boost to this
industry. The industry now meets the

needsof posts and telegraph, defence,
railways,
electricity
boards,
meteorological
department
etc.
Bangalore is the leading producer of
electronic goods and it is referred as
Electronic Baptist of India. The other
important centres are Hyderabad,
Delhi,

Mumbai,

Chennai,

most popular products of the industry
are Television, Transistor, Telephone,
Cellular Phones, Computers, CD
players, ipod, Pendrive etc.

Kolkata,

Kanpur, Pune, Lucknow, Jaipur and
Coimbatore.

-Sowamlndusby

c
The

Revolution

Eqtptant
in

electronic

industry has changed the lifestyle of
the people to a greater extent. The

The Software
Industry has
emerged as a major industry in the
Indian economy.
The main reason for its rapid
growth is due to the availability of
cheap and skilled young software
professionals in our country.

E513?
bi

§rl£1§;m:t:b::s°
1an

The Government has also played a

The Department of Electronics
has established

vital

E.ieatr¬.mic Parks in

role

in the

development

of

different parts of our country. The

software industry.

main
centers
are Chennai,
Coimbatore, Thiruvananthapuram,
Bangalore,
Mysore, Hyderabad,
Vishakapatnam,
Mumbai, Pune,
Bhubsneshwar,
Indore,

Industrialization, Urbanization and
growing
population
along
with

increasing consumption of Resources
have by far crossed the carrying
capacity of the earth. Industrialization
has undoubtedly made life more

Gandhinagar, Jaipur, Kolkata, Noida,
Mohali and Srinagar.

comfortable

At present there are more than

has

led

for modern man, but it

to

extreme

Streams

and

500 Software firms in the country. It is
expected that the Indian software

degradation on the environment and

industry
will generate
a total
employment of around six million
people which accounts for 9% of

substances

itsresources.
environment.

world

India&#39;s
total GDP in the year 2011.
Today the software industry in India
exports

software

and services

indiscriminate
has a detrimental
These

realize

the

have

use of
effect

made

on
the

importance

preserving our environment
by
changing harmful technologies into
more eco-friendly technology.

to

nearly 95 countries around the world.

EXERCISE

E] {moose the cmrerct answer.
1) Cotton textile industry is
a) mineral based

b) agrobased

c) forest based industry,

d) Software industry

2) Manchester of India is
a) Delhi

b) Chennai

d) Kolkata

c) Mumbai

3) Tata iron and steel industry is located at

a) Durgapur

b) Bhilai

c) Jamshadpur

d) Burnpur.

4) Chotta Nagpur Plateau is noted for
a) Natural Vegetation

b) Mineral FBSOU FCS

c)A||uvia| Soil

d) Cotton Cultivation

5) The city known as Electronic Captial is
a)Kanpur

b) Delhi

of

c) Bangalore

d) Madurai

11)Match the Feitnwing.
1) Jute Industry

Jamshedpur

2) Cotton Industry

Karnataka

3) Software Industry

Mumbai

4) Tata Iron and Steel Industry

West Bengal

5) Sugar bowl of India

Chotta Nagpur region

Bangalore
Uttar
Pradesh
and
Bihar
imlistirtgauish Between.
1) Mineral baesd and agrobased industires.
2) Iron and steel industry and software industry.
W) Give short answers.
1) Dene manufacturing.
2) Name the factors that determine location of an Industry.
3) What are agrobased industries? Give examples.
4) Name any five software centres.
5) What are the byproducts of Jute Industry?
V) Give Faragtagzhanswers.
1)Write an account of iron and steel industries of India.
2) Describe the factors encouraging cotton textile industry in mumbai.
3) Give an account of software industry in India.

Vt) Mark the feimwing an the autlirm map nfinia.
1) Major iron and steel Plants.
2) Software technology parks

3) Cotton textile
4) Jute textile industries
5) Sugarmills of India
W2Activities.
Select any agrobased industry and list the materials and factors required for
establishing that Industry.

6.. ENVERGNMENTM.
The word aéiivirartrraarzt is most

commonly used to describe Natural
Envirmlmsriii

which means the sum of

all living and non-living things that
surrounded

us.

l$$U E$
Pollution

can

take

the

form

of

chemical substance, or energy. such
as noise, heat or light energy. This in
turn affects the ecology of the
environment. There are many types of
pollution degrading the environment.
They are given below.
1) AirPo||ution
2) WaterPol|ution
3) Land Pollution
4) Noise pollution
5) Pollution due

to

biomedical

wastes.

6) Pollution due to e- wastes
7) Pollution due to minin
Namrai

Envlrmraamt

It is everyone&#39;s.
Nature has
It is contamination of air by the
enough to satisfy everyone&#39;s
need but
discharge of harmful substances. Air
has not enough to satisfy every man&#39;s pollution
has been a problem
greed. Our expanding greed has put us
throughout the history. This can have
in a tough situation of various
serious
effect
on the health
of the
environmental
problems.
The
human beings. We breath about 2200
problems are due to rapidly growing
times a day inhaling around 16 kg of
population from 300 million in 1947 to
air. Every time when we breathe in we
1210
million
at present
and
inhale dangerous substances. These
industrialisation. They have direct
dangerous substances or pollutants
can be either in the form of gases or
impact on environmental degradation,
particles.
pollution and climatic changes. The
whole world is now anxious to repair
The swarm of pailwtaam is bath
the damage. Let us discuss important
natmai and manemada.
environmental

issues

threatening

which

are

Volcanic eruptions. wind erosion,

environmental

pollen disposal. evaporation of organic
compounds and natural radio activity

sustainability.
Environmental
contamination

of

pollution
environment

is the
which

causes discomfort, instability. disorder
harmful impact on physical system and
on living organism.

are the natural causes of air pollution.
Natural air pollution does not occur in
abundance and also possesses little
threat to the health of the people and
ecosystems.

"Gigantic Ezwlasiarl sf Mt. Helena

released aatyl about what ans anal
pclmr piaarttaraiits
in a year
The

man-made

reasons

for

air

pollution are vehicular emission,
thermal power plants, industries and
reneries.
Vehicular

emissions

are

Air pollution can adversely affect
human health not only by direct
inhalation but indirectly by other routes

through water, food and skin
infections. Most common air pollution
directly affects the cardio-vascular
systems of humans and cause
diseases

like

asthma,

bronchitis,

responsible for 70 % of the country&#39;sallergies, lung and heart diseases .

air

pollution.

Vehicles

which

are

eco- friendly are certied Bi-IAFEATHii
and lit.

1..Swans iayar daplacm
The atmosphere

contains a thin

layer of ozone about 24 to 40 km above
earth&#39;s
surface which protects life from
the harmful ulaavtoiat rays of the sun.
The release

Most sulphur dioxide comes from
power plants that use coal as their fuel.
Automobiles produce about half of the
nitrogen oxide.
Listed here are the major air
pollutants: sulphur oxide, nitrogen
oxide, mrhorémmta amideand organic
compounds that can evaporate and
enter the atmosphere. India emits are
m mast aarbaa at arty aaunay in as

of chemicals

such

as CFC

widely used in refrigerators
damaged the ozone layers.

has

Ozone monitoring stations in
Antarctica have already detected
average losses of 30% to 40 % of total
ozone

over the region.

Each one

percent loss of ozone is to cause an
increase

of about

2 % in UV Radiation.

This will reduce the immunity of the
body and cause eye cataracts and skin
cancen

2. lshal Warraineg {gases harass.
atast):
Global warming is caused by the
increases of green house gases such
as carbon-di-oxide,

methane,

water

vapour, CFCs which are responsible
for the heat retention ability of the
atmosphere.

The rapid increase

in

average temperature of the earth will
cause major changes in weather
patterns all over the world.
Rise in global temperature, will
also result in the melting of polar ice
caps and glaciers. This in turn will raise
thesea level. Land use changes will
occur

in coastal

areas

due to sea level

rise. It will cause damage to coastal

structures, post facilities and water
managementsystems.
Global temperature

rises will also

affectthe agricultural patterns.

The

acid

rain

affects

the

eco

systems by the following ways:
ll The most basic microscopic
organisms such as plankton may not
be able to survive. So the sea animals,
depending on planktons will die and
the food chain will be affected.

If ocean temperature increases,
growth of coral reefs will be affected.
The corals control the proportion of
carbon dioxide by turning Co, in the
water to limestone

shell. Moreover,

coral reefs grows in temperature just
above 10° Celsius.

Other ecosystems such as forests

Elcibsl lwsmaing

and desert

3. Asiid Rain
Acid

rain

was

rst

discovered

in

1852. This is one of the most important
environmental problems, caused by
indivisible
gases given out by
automobiles or coal burning by power
plants.

will also be harmed.

Loss of

bio-diversity and extinction of rare
species will occur.
U They also change the acidity
level of the soil by leaching crucial
nutrients.

Thus

it

affects

forest

vegetation

The gases that cause the acid rain

is ssulpl1i..ir~di--oxideand riitrogsn
oxides.

Fire

and

bacterial

decomposition are the natural causes

which increases a nitrogen oxide in the

mg tab
is iaéizsn
in mm Acid

air.

min

These pollutants combine with
water vapour in the presence of sun

light and oxygen and form dilute
sulphuric and nitric acids. When these
mixture
precipitates
from the
atmosphere, it is called as said rain.
Acid

rain falls down

to the earth

Environmentalists

advocate

the

installation
of sulphur cleaning
scrubbers in factories, nding new
methods of burning coal and shifting to
non - polluting renewable forms of
energy production.

in

all forms of precipitation. Acidity in the
rain can harm and even destroy both
natural ecosystems and man-made

The word smog is a combination of
the words smoke and fog. Smog
causes a smoky dark atmosphere,

products.
Acid rains, when falling on oceans,

especially over cities. It decreases
visibility, and creates gaze throughout

reach

the area.

more

the

coral

than

reefs.
70%

This
of

has
corals

killed
in

Lakshadweep and Andaman islands.

pnilluii

readermlrmca aid
it

L

Encourageyour family to use
neighbourhoodmarket,
r LWhenever possible take your
bicycle.
L
V
l

j i As far aspossibleuse publicforms
oftransport.@ A _
TL _
, LDo[n&#39;t.let
your father dropjyou itto
schooI,taketheschoolLbus.[
S
LL Encourageyour family to form lat
cLarpoolto,ofLc_e
and back.

SL

created when sunlight, hydrocarbons
and nitrogen oxide are mixed together
Smog creates harmful health hazards
like lung failure and pneumonia.
Smog is not only a city problem.As
smog level increases, wind carry smog
away from urban areas and harm other
areas too. Agriculture is also affected
by smog.
Water pollution is any chemical,
physical or biological change in the

S Reducethe useof aerosolsingthe
household. LLQ
SS T
TLook after; the ltreesfisnl your
ineighboLurhood.* [ . L
, LL
T Switch-off allthe lightsland fans

quality of water that has a harmful
effect on any living thing that drinks or

when notrequired.

Major water pollutants

T

r

gL

, , Flfpossible share your room with
otherswhen the air conditioner,cooler
Lorfanison.

»

&#39;S

T

I
Do not burnleaves:in your garden,
tputtheminiacompostpit. S r L 1 LA
Lr TMake sure that the pollution check

for your family ,carLis done atregular
intervals *
~
[: Cars should,as far as possible,Ibe

uses or lives in it.

There

are several

causes

of water

pollution. The rst are disease-musing
agents. These are bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and parasitic worms that
enter sewage-systems and untreated
waste.

tted with catalytic converters. SI at

K; Useonlyunleaded
petrol.

,7

Wmta

Smog

Smog is caused by many factors,
Major producers of smog include
automobiles, res, waste treatment, oil

Marial

Second pollutant is oxygen
demanding bacteria; that is, wastes
that can be decomposed by oxygen
requiring bacteria. Large proportion of
such bacteria in water can deplete
oxygen levels in it. This causes other
organisms in the water such as sh to

production, industrial solutions, paints

die.

and coatings. The articulates present
in smog include carbon monoxide, dirt,

The third class of water pollutants
is water soluble Inorganic pullutan

dust and ozone. The smog effect is

such as acids, salts and toxic metals.

eutrophic due to increase in nutrients.

Water can also be polluted by a
number ofurgaais mmpmnds such as
oil, plastics and pesticides in the water

Due to this,
algae will grow
extensively.As a result, water will allow
less light and bacteria will become
more active. This will deplete oxygen
levels in the water. This will destroy
aquatic life and also its reproductive
ability.

which

are

harmful

to

humans

and

animals.

Water is able to transport pollution
from one location to another easily.
Every year 6,356,000 tonnes of
sewage, sludge and garbage are
dumped into the world oceans. 400
million people live along the Ganges
river.

Further,

2,000,000

persons

ritually take bath daily in the river. It is
lled with chemical wastes, sewage
and

even

the

remains

of human

and

animals

Land pollution is contaminating
the land surface of the earth through
dumping of urban waste matter and it
arises from the breakage
of
underground
storage
tanks,
application

of

pesticides

and

percolation of contaminated surface
water, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of
wastes

from

landfills

or

direct

discharge of industrial wastes to the
soil.

Water pollution mainly affects the
water

based

ecosystems.

It also

disrupts

the natural food chain.

Pollutants

such

as lead

and cadmium

are eaten by tiny animals. These
animals are later consumed by sh and
shellsh.

So, the food chain continues

to be disrupted at all higher levels.
People can get diseases such as
hepatitis by eating sea foods.
Toxic substances entering into
lakes, streams,

oceans, dissolve

in

water and get deposited on the bed.
This affects aquatic ecosystems. This
can also seep down and affects the

Eutrophication
lakes.

enrichment
The

Haw

gran laud

gmilutisn

has

pfrsvsmts
Things
used
for
domestic
purpose

ground water.

nutrient

Land pslluiiera

means natural
of

enrichment

streams
is

and
often

increased by human activities such as

agriculture which will make lakes

can be reused and recycled.
Organic waste matter should be
disposed off far away from the
residential places.
Inorganic
wastes can be
separated, reclaimed and recycled.
Human

or machine

created

sound

that disrupts the activity or balance of

human or animal life is known as noise

pollution
The unwanted sound can damage

physiological and psychological
health.

Noise pollution can cause
hypertension, high stress levels,
hearing loss. sleep disturbancesand
other hannful effects.

Control measures of noise peliutiun
Development of a green belt
vegetationto reduce noise.
Installation

of

decibel

meters

along highwaysand in placesof public
gatherings.
Development of plantations - A
strip of wide plantation inside the

tonnes of e-waste generated out of
television sets, mobile phones,
computers,refrigeratorsand printers.
This is one of major threats of
environmentaldegradationand worst
radiation

incident worldwide.

Mining is one of the important
factors for the pollution of the
environment.
The

elds

mines

and

of the

NTPC

Mahanadi

draws

coal

about

250

millionlitresof water per day from river
Brahmaniand, in return,they release
thousandsof gallons of waste water
which

contains

harmful

substances

like ash, oil, heavy metals, grease,
uorides. phosphorous, ammonia,

compound wall effectively protects

urea and sulphuric acid into the river

houses,schooland hospitals.

Nadir.

Pollution

due to biomedical

waste

is likelyto spreaddiseasesdangerous
to life. In early April 2010, a machine
from Delhi University containing

Due to large scale mining in the
Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and
Haryana, the forest cover has been
depleted 90 per cent and drying up
wellsand affectingagriculture.

coba|t- 60aa radio active metal used for

radiotherapy in hospitals, sent to a
scrap yard in the city.The death from
radiation of a scrap yard worker
revealed
biomedical

the

reasons.

as

the

wastes

Acquired land for mining affects
biodiversity.Biodiversityis the degree
of variationof life formswithina given
ecosystem.On the entire planet, rapid

sussnanie
7 it

I ,DefVvElOpm.
t: A, ,

Ewaste

India produces about 380,000

I

environmentalchanges due to mining
and

dam

extinctions.

constructions

cause

Many of India&#39;s
environmental
problems are a result of the high
density of population. So, it is

<%**Adoption of Indigenous
agricultural practices, soil and water
conservationpractices.

everyone&#39;s
responsibility to preserve
our environment and also keep it
healthy and sustainable.

ecological sustenance is indispensible

Wcommunity
for

conservation

Wit is possible by using efficient
and eco- friendly technology.

EXERSISE

f) mmsose the sunset answer.
1) Natural nutrient enrichment of streams and lakes is
a) water pollution

b) eutrophication

c) air pollution
2) The main cause for natural air pollution
a)vehicular emission

b)Volcanic eruption

c)thermal power plants
3) Contamination of air is called
a) noise pollution

b) air pollution

c) land pollution

1Answer the faiiawing questions.
1) What is water pollution?
2) List out the major Air pollutants
3) What is Noise pollution?
4) What are the major causes of water pollution?
5) What is bio diversity?
6) How pollution is caused due to bio medical waste?
7) What is meant by pollution due to e-waste?
ii¥)A:1s;wsr the following in paragraph.
1) What are the effects of acid rain?
2) What is smog ?What are the effects of smog?
3) Give a brief note on Acid rain.

participation

of environment.

for

7. INDIA

TRADE, TRANSPORT
India

is a vast

land

with

beautiful

landscape
and rich abundant
resources. But, the resources are not

uniformly spread, and so, there are
regions of surplus resources and
regions of deficit. This leads to
movement of goods from the surplus
region to the decit region through
trade. Hence, trade is an act or process
of buying, sailing or exchanging goods
and services.

Growth

of trade

leads

to

economic prosperity of a nation. But,
trade growth
depends
on well
developed market, advanced transport

and communication system. Thus
trade, transport and communication
stand complementary to each other
and their overall development
is
essential for the country&#39;s
economic
growth.

Trade in general is of two types.
They are Internal
trade and
Internaticnalrtrade. Internal trade, also
known as local trade, is carried within

the domestic territory of a country.
Land transport plays a major role in the
movement of goods and this trade is
mostly based on the nation&#39;s
currency.

It helps to promote a balanced regional
growth in the country. For example tea
from Assam, coffee from Karnataka,
spices from Kerala, minerals from

Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa belt
are supplied to different parts of our
country.
International

trade

also

known

as

external trade, is a trade carried on
between

two or more countries.

Ocean

transport plays a major role in the
movement of goods and the trade is
carried on foreign currency. It leads to
rapid economic progress of a country.

-

AND CGMMUNICATRDN
For example, India supplies iron ore to
Japan. International trade is sub

divided

into two types

Eiiateral

trade

2.Iv§uitIIateraI trade.

1) Bilateral trade
carried

out

such as

between

is a trade
two

countries

based on the agreement deal of not
using currency for payment. In this
trade a country sells its surplus goods
to a needy country and in return buys
an equally valuable required goods
from the same country.

2) Multilateral trade is a trade
carried out between many countries. In
this trade a country sells its surplus

goods to the needy country by getting
revenue and buys the required goods

from another country by using the
same revenue. This trade is very
complicate

to negotiate,

but stands

very powerful when all the countries
sign the agreement. All member
countries are treated equally in the
multilateral

trade.

The Trade

Blocs

like

APEIIC (Asian Pacific Economic
Qomtmunity), ASEAN {Association of
South Easmsian Mentions)and SAPTA
(Smith Asian Preferential Trade
Aggrement) are created to make the
trade

easier.

I1Exp<ort and

.Imp£:)rt are two

components of trade. Export means
goods and services sold for foreign
currency. India exports nearly 7,500

goods to nearly 190 countries of the
world. impart refers to goods and
services bought from overseas
producers. India imports nearly 6,000
goods from 140 countries.

The difference

between

the values

of export and import is called Balance
oftrade.

If the value of export in a country is
higher than the value of import, then
the trade in that country will be called
as favourable

balance

of trade.

For

Machineries
like "transport
equipment,
machine
tools, nonelectrical

machineries,

electrical

machineries. Wheat, medicinal and
pharmaceutical products, Petroleum,
fertilizers and newsprint.

example Japan.

India&#39;s
value of exports in 1950-51

Ifthe value of import in a country is
higher than the value of export then the

was only Rs.6,070 millions, whereas
the value of export during 2008-09 was

trade in that country will be called as

7,66,9350 millions. India&#39;s
value of
imports in 1950-51 was Rs.5810

unfavourable

balamzte of trade in that

country. For example India

milliions, whereas the value of imports

The value of currency of a country
depends upon the balance of trade of

during 2008-09

that country.

This clearly
indicates
the
significant growth of both exports and

pulses,

millions.

imports in India.

Agriculture Products
Cereals,

was Rs.13,05,5030

India&#39;s
International

tea,

coffee,

spices, nuts and seeds, sugar and
molasses, processed food, meat
and meat products .
(Bras and minerals

trade

reflects

the growing prominence of Indian
economy in the global market. Since
2004, a liberal trade policy has been

followed by the Government of India to
rmt

Intrnt&#39;n|trd

Iron ore, Coal, Manganese, Mica,
Bauxite.

Leather products
Wallets,
purses,
pouches,
handbags, belts, footwear, gloves.

Gems and jewellery
Precious stones, gold jewellery,
decorations and antiques.

Chemicals and related products
Pharmaceuticals,
rubberand glass.

cosmetics,

Engineering goods
Machinery,
electronic

iron and steel,
goods,
computer

software.

viiextiles and handicrafts
Ready

made garments,

yarn and zari goods.

cotton,

Development
oracountry
notonly
depends upon the production of goods

and

services

but also

maintained by the Corporations and

on an efcient

means of transport. It helps to move

Municipalities.

the materials to the point of production
and goods to the point of consumption

length of 4,67,763 kms of district

(market). Adense and efcient network
of transport is essential to promote
aeciai

r.:nh.esion

and

to

accelerate

economicsprosperity. It also ensures
security and territorial integrity. India is

closely connected with the world
countries by means of fast moving
transport

and an equally developed

communication system.

in India run to a total

roads.

State Highways links the state
capitals with
headquarters.

the

different district
The roads
are

constructed and maintained by the
State

Public

Works

Department

(SPWD). The State Highways runs to a
length of 1,31,899 krns. Cudda|ore
Chittor Road is an example for State
Highways.

Nations! Highways links the state
The Indian

Roads

capitals with national capital. They are

are cost efcient

and the most popular dominant mode

of transport linking different parts of our
country.

Roads

stretch

across

the

length and breadth of oLIrcountry. It is
used by all sections of people in the
society. Road network in India is the

sewnd iongest in the world accounting
for

3.314

million

km.

The

roads

are

classied into Village roads, District
roads,

State

Highway,

National

Highway, Golden Quadrilateral Super
Highways, Expressways, Border
Roads and International Highways.

Village Roads link different villages
with towns. They are maintained by
village panchayats. In India villages

roads

run

to

a

length

of

26,50,000.Kms.
District

the district

Roads

links the towns

headquarters.

with

They are

the primary road system of our country
and are maintained by the Central
Public Works Department. (CPWD) It
rI.Insto a length of 70,548 kms.
For example, NH 47 is a National
Highway which connects Tamilnadu

and Kerala. The total length of the road
is 650 km out of which
the state of Tamil Nadu

224 km runs

in

and the corridorsrun to a length of
363km.

The main objectiveof the Golden
Quadrilateral Super Highways is
providing Connectivity speed and
safety. They are meant to reduce the
travel time and link the metropolitans

closer.
These
projects
are
implemented by the NHAI (National
HighwayAuthority
of India).
As this Project involves huge
investment, the government has
entrustedprivatesector companiesto

NationalHighway-7
"Golden Quadrilateral Super
Highways"
is a major road
developmentproject launchedby the
Governmentof India. It runsto a length
of 14,846 km connecting the major
cities of India. It includes:

invest, develop and maintain these

highways. The agreement for the
construction

of roads

is based

on the

conceptof Build.Operateand Transfer
(BOT). After the private companies
realize their cost and prots over an
agreed period,the responsibilities
will
be transferredto the government.
Expressways
are
the
technologicallyimproved high class
roads

in the

Indian

Road

Network.

They are six lane roads.They runto a
length of more than 200 kms. New
Mumbai-PuneRoad is an example for
Expressway.

Chennai BangaloreGoldn Quadrilateral

ssix lanes super highways
running to a length of 5,846 km
connectingthe four metropolitancities
- Chennai. Mumbai. Delhi and Kolkata.

eNorl:h-South corridor linking
Srinagar-Kanyakumari. East-West
corridor
connecting
SiIcharPorbander, run to a total length of
7.300Km.
eThe

roads

that

connect

the

Mumbai Pune Expressway

BorderRoads

major portswith Golden Quadrilateral

Border
Roads
aretheroads
constructedalong the northern and
north eastern bordersof our country.

INBIA

NATIONAL

HIGHWAYS

-AGolden Quadrilateral
North-South

Tiruvanatapura
utlcon
Kan

Corridor

East-West
COlT|dOl&#39;

&#39;
=kumari *

2:

National Highway
With

Number

WDIA
RAILWAYS

C 3%.»:

.4

k- -

Koc v

_aw:i

I-

i

&#39;.&#39;
_:_
if
i
hwaram

j
Kolla
M

Tiruvanantapura Q.&#39;
Kannlyakumari

These

roads

are

constructed

and

maintained
by Border Reads
Grgarzisfatim{ERG} whichwas set up
in I960 by the Governmentof India.
BRO is regardedas a symbolof nation
building, national integrationand an
inseparablecomponentin maintaining
the security of the country. The
organisationhas constructed46,780
Km of roads in difcult

terrain

Railway made a modest beginning

in India in 1853. By 1947, they had
grownto 42 rail systemsmanaged by
37 companies. In 1951, the systems
were

nationalised

as

one

unit-"The

IndianRailways".
Indian Railways is the largest rail
net workinAsia and the secondlargest
in the

world.

It traverses

across

the

length and breadth of the countryfor
over 63,273 km connecting 7,025
stations.

Iritismatimat tsiighwatysare the
roads that link India with neighbouring

countries for promoting harmonious
relationshipwiththem

The Railways in India providethe
principal mode of transportationfor
freight and passengers. It brings
people together from the farthest
corner of the country and promotes
trade, tourism, education and national
integration.

Railways help in commuting20million passengers and more than 2
milliontonnesof freightdaily.Eats? is
the headquarters of the Indian
Railwaysand it is the main focal point
fromwhere the railwaylinesradiate in
all directionsconnectingthe seaports,
airports and metropolitan cities of
India.

The

network

runs

on

multigauge operation. They are:

1. BroadGuage
2. Meter Guage
3. NarrowGuage

the

Ctlssanaimam to Veiashary,covering
17 stations for a distance

Thephysiography
of Indiahas
playeda major rolein the distributionof
Railwaynetwork.

of 25 km. The

MRTS is operated by the state owned
SouthernRailway.

> The Himalayanraglanhas rugged
terrain and so it is very difcult to lay
railway tracks along the steep stopes.

Hence, this region has only three
railwaylines.
>

Further,

the

condition

in west

agasttian,
frequent flood in
Brahmaputra valley thick forest and
roughterrainin NortheastIndiahas led
to a few railwaylinesintheseregion.
> The rmrliflsmplainsof Indiaisa at
land with richalluvialsoil. It has highly
developed agricultural and industrial
sectors with high population. Hence, it

hasa dense networkof railways.
> lfllflftllf
lmiaia is a plateau
regionwithan undulatedterrain,hence
it hasa moderaterailwaynetwork.
Ssh tlthan Raitway

@Railwayshelp in buikMtlvermtit
of goods (iron and steel, mineral oil,
buildingstone coal, metal ores etc) at
large.
$Railways
help
in the
ccmmstcimlizaiiartof the agriculture
sector by facilitatingquick movement
of perishable items like milk,
vegetables, fruitsetc.

G¥1ann=a.l,
Kalkata and man: have
separate tracks for the sub urban
network, whereas Lucknow, Kanpur,

iSRaiIways help in developing a
tmiad nalana.lntarkai,equalisationof
pricesand also in the growthof internal
andforeigntrade.

Hyderabad and Pune do not have
separate suburban tracks but share

s$Railways help in aqntmllirig
farnirias by quick movement of

the track of long distancetrains. The

essential

Cities in India such as Mimbai,

sub

urban

mmutsra

trains

connect

the

of sub urban areas to the

urbancentres.They are mostlyElectric
Multiple Units (EMU). These trains
usuallyhave ninecoachesbutto avoid
overcrowd, during peak hours they
attach extra coaches.
M"T&#39;S
W tisnnai

The Mass Rapid Transit:system
{MRTS} is an elevated line of the
suburban railway in Chennai. This
railway line currently runs from

commodities.

%RaiIways play a greater role in
administration

and

in

national

integration.
Pipelines
were used for
transportingwater to cities in earlier
days, but now they are also used for
transportingcrude oil and naturalgas
from oil and natural gas elds to oil
reneries, fertilizer factories and big
thermalpowerplants.

> Pipeline
canbelard through
diimlttarrain

as well as under water.

> Initial cost of laying pipeline is high
but subsequent cost for maintenance
and operation is
> It ensures stedy supply and
minimizes trarrsshipmerlt losses and

identied five National Waterways
Theyare:
National waterway I: AllahabadHaldia stretch of Ganga.

delays.

Naoaal watewsray2: Saidiya-Dhubri
stretch ofthe the Brahmaputra.
National waterway
3: KollamKottapuram stretch of the west coast
canal, Champakara
canal and
Udyogmandal canal.

> Pipeline
operation
involves
very
low consumption of energy.
There are three important pipeline

network in our country.
1. From oil elds in Assam
to
Kanpur in Uttarpradesh via Guwahati,
Barauni

and Allahabad.

2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar
in Punjab Via. Viramgam, Mathura,
Delhi and Sonipat.
3. Gas pipeline from I-Iazlra IraG£.Ijarat
connects Jagdishpur in Uttarpradesh
\fIa. Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh.
Apartfrom the above, pipelines are
also laid connecting, Mumbai high and
Mumbai; Mumbai and Pune.

Waterways are the cheapest
means of transport. They are most
suitable for carrying heavy and bulky
goods at low cost. It is a fuel efcient
and environment friendly mode of
transport. Watenlvays are classied
into Inland watenlvays and Ocean
routes.

Matiorrsgl
waterway 3

Natiorialwstarwaydz BhadrachaIamRajahmundry
and Wazirabad
Vijayawada stretch of the Krishna
Godavari river system along with
Kakinad Puducherry canal network.
Hamtal
S: MangalgadiParadeep and TaIcher- Dhamara
Stretch of the Mahanadi,

caam

orutss

India has a img coast line of
7516km with 13 major and 187
medium and minor ports located along
the coast. These

in law Waterways

Brahmani

river along with the east coast canal.

ports handle

95

inland watenlvays in the form of livers.

percent of the country&#39;s
foreign trade.
The major ports are managed and
controlled by Port T!&#39;l..i5»t&#39;
under the

canals

Government

India has an extensive
and

backwaters.

naltwork of
The

total

navigable length is 14,500km. Out of
which 5,685 km of rivers and 400 km of

canals are used by mechanized crafts.
The &#39;WlatenairaysAa1ority
of India has

of India.

The medium and minor ports are

controlled by the State Governments.
The major ports along the west cumst
are

Kandla,

Mumbai,

Jawaharlal

Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore
and Cochin.The major portsalong the

was made in 1932 by JRD. Tata,when

east coast are Tuticorin, Chennai,

was renamed

he started the fats Airtime. In 1946 it
as Air iridia and in 1953

Ennore, Vishakapatnam, Paradip,

air transportwas nationalized.Indian

Haldia and Kolkata.

Airiiiws was set up to cater the needs
of domestic

market

while Air India was

set up to take care of the international
sector. Both enjoyed monopolyover
Indian skies until 1986 later, due to

libieraiisaioa policy, many privately
owned airlinesjoined the air transport
system.

ihsarinai Peri

India is the second largest ship
owning country in Asia and ranks
sixteenth

in the world.

India

has four

majorshipbuildingyards.They are:
1)l"*§lI"H3lli3t3§TI shipyard
at
Visha%:ap:atpa.m.
2} Garden:ream:workshopat Koiiiam.
3) MazagaiimEasiestMumlziai.
$3I<:*:1ei*ii
shipyardat Kmzihi.
Government

of India

has

issued

guidelinesfor privateinvestmentin the
portsectors. Indianj
£906 and
major part Twat Act 1953 have been
made flexible to allow private

In 2007, the Government of India

mergedtheAir Indiaand IndianAirlines
under MammalAviationQorpeiatienof
iridia Limited (MACK). NAClL(A)
provides international services,
NAGILU} provides domestic services
and servicesto neighbouringcountries
in South EastAsia

and Middle East.

investment in ports.

Aiwvaysis the quickest,costliest,
most modern

and comfortable

means

of transport.They carry passengers,
freight and mail. They link local,
regional, national and international
cities. Air transport has made
accessibility easier by connecting
difcult terrains like high mountains
and sandydeserts.
The air transportin India made its
beginningin 1911, butthe real initiation

Qhannai Airport

NACIL operates 159 Airbuses and

Boeingaircrafts.It playsa majorrole in
connectingIndiancitieswith the major
cities of the world. Apart from NACIL
there are privataapaifaaters
namely,set

Major Sea and Air Rwtes

Air-ways,Kingsher Airttrzss.Spica jet.
totes Glace Aviation tmi)
to
provide domestic services.

other and it is termed

AirportAuthorityof indie{AAI}was
constituted

in 1995 and it has instituted

international standards of safety to
Indian Airports. At present, AAI
maintains and operates 129 airports
out

of

which

17

are

thoughtsand ideas. There are various
ways of sharinginformationwith each

lntemational

Airports.
Famed-Harts Hetiowtsr Ltd. is a

as the MElt$

of

Ecmrnunic.stiort&#39;.

l} Persona?Commuicatioa refers to
exchanging of information between
two persons.
tndian

Postal

awica

made

its

beginning in 1857 and it is the largest
network in the world. It enables people

public sector company. It is engaged in

to send parcels and mails to foreign
landsand to the remotestvillages.The

providinghelicopterservicesto ONGC
for its offshore operations. It also

and seowd

provides services to various state

Governments,especiallyin the North
East to linkthe

inaccessible

areas.

mails are classied

into rst crass mail

olsasrsmail. First class

mail

includespostcards,inland lettersand
envelopes. They are airlifted without
any surchargebetween stations.The
second

class

mail

includes

book

packets, registered newspaper and
periodicals. They are carried by land
transport. They also provide Vatue
Payable by Post service, Electronic
Money Order service, Instant Money
Order service, e-Post and e-Bill Post
service, Express parcel post and

Speed postservices.

Communication
system
contributes to the development of
economy and social relationships. It

helpsin promotingwlturai l.tl7¥§t_lf.
Communicationis a processthat
involves exchange of information,
lttsans of Gommtmimcn

Tetegram IS a form of wrrtteri
communicationby which messages
can be sentquicklytodistantplaces.
feteptiso-nois a form of oral
communication.It is consideredvery
essentialfor the growthof commerce.
People at distant places within a

countrycan communicateusing STD
(Subscriber&#39;s
Trunk Dialing), while
international

communication

can

be

made through ISD (International
Subscriber Dialing). A sophisticated
telephone not only enables voice
messagesbut also written messages,

drawings, photographs
and video
images. Telephone
is the most
preferred form because it provides
instantcommunication.

Mobile Phones are very popular in
today&#39;s
world as it provides an access
to the user and receiver at anytime, at

anywhere. A mobile phone allows its
user to make and receive telephone
calls to and from the public telephone

network across the world. A key feature
of the cellular phones is that it enables
seamless telephone calls even when

Television

osrctarshan

Short Message Sr3rvices(S¥v%S)
is

mobile phone. SMS may be sent from
one cell phone to another, or may be
sent to all cell phones within a specific

national and international importance

through live telecast. It broadcasts a
variety
of programmes
from
entertainment, education, sports, and
health hazards for people of different
age groups and regions.
but powerful means of communication
which provides information
about
national

device

that

printed like letters, diagrams, graphs
and sketches by using telephone lines.

Afax machine, sends the exact copy of
to another

fax machine

at the receiving end. Internet fax is a
form for sending documents using
internet with the help of a fax machine.

ll), Mass mzrmmunicationenables
millions of people to get the information
at the same time.

awareness

It helps in creating

among

the

people

regarding various national policies and

events

to the

country like

India, they serve as a very effeciiveltmrl
for knowing public views and opinions.
Internet

enables instant transmission of any
matter, which may be handwritten or

the document

and international

people. In a democratic

geographical region.
electronic

as

Newspapers are a most common

a method by which message can be
sent to a mobile phone via another

is an

is known

is one of the

largest terrestrial networks in the
world. It offers three-tier program
services (national, regional, local) for
various categories of people. It brings
its viewers all the major programmes of

the user is moving around wide area.

Fax

in India

and it

is

a

vast

network

of

computers. It connects many of the
world&#39;s business
individuals.

institutions

Internet

and

means

inter

connected network of net works, which
links thousands of smaller computer
networks. It enables computer users
throughout the world to send and

receive messages and information in a
variety of form. It was first started as a
purely text based system to send and

receive message (e-mail). But now, it
is fully a mtuitimedia based system with
capacity
video

to deliver

and audio

picture

images,

. The basic services

of

internet are e- mail, The World Wide

Web (W)

and Internet Phone.

programme.

Radio
started

broadsast

in 1927.

in

In 1936

India

was

it was named

as All IntzliaRadio (AIR) and from 1957,
it came to be called
serves

as

an

educate

environment

as Akaahvam.

effective

people

medium

on

protection,

It
to

health,

family

planning, science and technology.

onCommunication

enhanced
communication.

the

network

has

efficiency

of

Because

it enables

quick exchange of information with
people anywhere in the world.

oLeads to enormous growth of
trade.

In recent decades, the world has
taken giant strides into the information

QHelpsthegovernment
totackle
various
socio-economic
problems
in
thesectety

age.Thediversity
andthecapabilities
°f Va°_S med&#39;a&#39;(_p"t
and
electronics) have Increased
enormously and they play a significant

It improves the quality of human

role in the economic and social growth

life.

of our country.
nOpens

the

door

to

the

information age.
It Promotes Edusat programs.
EKER£:l$E

t) Gheose the correct word.
1. Trade carried on within the domestic territory of a country is known as
trade.

a) External
2. Trade

blocs

b) Foreign
are created

a) Multi Lateral

c) Internal
to make

d) International

the

b) Bilateral

trade

c) Unilateral

easier.

d) Local

3. Cost efficient and most popular mode of transport in our country is
a) Ainrvays b) Roadways
c) Watenrvays
4.The headquarters of Indian Railways is
.
a) MI.Imbai b) Delhi

c) Nagpur

d) Chennai

5.The costliest and most modem means of transport is

a) Air Transport

b) Road Transport

c) Water Transport d) Rail Transport
ti) Match the feijiowingi.
1. Village Roads
2. District

Roads

Delhi
Mumbai

3. Central Railways

Chennai

4. Soutern Railways

(Village) Panchayat

5. Northern Railways

Municipalities

Corporations
Hyderabad
Ell)Bisiinguish between.
1. National highways and state highways.
2. Exports and imports.

d) Railways

3. Internal

trade

and

International

trade.

4. Roadways and railways.
5. Ainlvays and watenlvays.

lit} Short Answers.
1. What is trade? What are the types of trade?
2. State the highlights of India&#39;s
foreign trade policy since 2004.
. Trade, Transport and communication stand complementary to each other.
How?

. What is the significance of border roads?
. Brief how physiography play a role in the distribution of Railway networks in
India?

. Write a note on sub urban railway.

6

. State the merits of pipeline transport.

7
8.
Mention
the
important
pipeline
networks
in
our
country
9 . What

are the advantages of communication network

W} Answer in Paragraph.
1. Explain India&#39;s
trade with reference to her major exports and imports

2. Classify the Indian roads and Explain.
3. Explain the means of Personal Communication in India.

V) Map work.
Mark the following in the out time map of indm.
. Northern

Terminal

of North

south

corridor.

. Major Ports in Kerala and Orissa.
. Mark the road route linking Mumbai and Delhi.
. Mark the longest National Highways with two Inter mediates.

. Mark the headquarters of konkan railways.
. Mark the International Airports in the foLIr metropolitan cities.

. Link Chennai and Delhi by rail route.
8. Link Mumbai and Kolkata by rail route.

G3.REWIZITTE SENSMQ

Geography is the study of the
Eart fosustrtgor: its sulfates, the
strrvosgzhers,
swsearts,plants,ariima.is,
and paopis. Most people think that
geography is a study of maps. This
thinking is only partially correct
because Geography is also the study
of man&#39;s
natural
inuence
learn

environment

on cultural
and

and

environment.

know

about

sensing as a tool to monitor or
measure phenomena on the Earth&#39;s

litssphers, hydrosphere,stmosphere
and biosphere.Remotesensingof the
environmentby geographersis usually
done with the help of mechanical
devices

known

as

sensors.

These

its
To

our

environment, we use our senses of

seeing, touching, smelling and
hearing.These senseshelpus to learn
about an objectfrom close proximity.
But in geography the subject matter
encompasses spatial distribution and
so it takes many months, to study

about resourcesof a regionby means
of ground survey. Ground survey of
resources is hindered by dense
forests, ruggedterrain, sandy deserts
and unpredictable weather. In spite of

this,continuousmonitoringof the earth
surface has become very essential
due

to

recent

increase

in

natural

disasters, large scale climatic
changes,desertication and reduction
in biodiversity. Hence, the most
effective technology to gather
informationon any part of the earth
within a short span of time without
footing the region is the Remote
SensingTechnology.
What is RemoteSensing?

sensors have a greatly improved
ability to receive and record
information about an Earth object
without any physical contact. Often,
these sensors are positioned in
helicopters, planes. and satellites. The
sensors

record

information

about

an

object
by measuring
the
slastrpmagnetie energy that is
hack and radiated from the

objecton the earthsurface.

Sensing: getrig inforrnstim
Remotesensingcan be dened as
the solisoon sf data about an sweet
ffi
a distance. Humans and many

Aerial photsgraphswere tfm first
results inf remote sensing utilized by
cartographers, or map-makers. in
1858, French map-makersused a hot
Eifhallft and primitive cameras to
take oblique (inclined) aerial
photographsof the landscape. Later
during World War I, air planes were
used to take systematicaerial images

other animals accomplish this task with

of much of the terrain

their eyes or by their sense of smellor
hearing.Geographersuse the remote

These photographs helped in
gathering information about the

Hemsts s faraway

in the war zone.

position and movement of enemy
troops. After the war. systematic
vertical images were taken for civilian
use .By comparing photographs taken

In

the

1970s,

the

second

at different angles; cartographers were

revolution
in remote sensing
technology began with the launch of
Earth Resource Technology Satellite
(ERTS). This series was renamed

able to create

LANDSAT

accurate

and detailed

maps of different territories.

in 1975. The usefulness

of

satellites for remote sensing has
resulted in several other organizations
launching their own devices. In 1986.
the SPOT (Satellite Pourrobsewation
de la Teme) program of France began.
They launched ve satellites and have
produced more than 10 million images.

Air Balloon

The process of comparing
different aerial photographs and
computing accurate measurements is
called photogrammetry. Maps created
using aerial photographs are called
orthophoto maps.

TIROS-1

Satellite

T.....ou.baslcoomponenls
ora
remote sensing system are target,

TIROS-1

In the

1960s.

satellite

a revolution

in

remote sensing technology began with
the deployment of space satellites.
From their high vantage-point.
satellites have a greatly extended view
of

the

Earth&#39;s
surface.

The

Path

rst

meteorological satellite. TIROS-1
(Television and Infrared Observation
Satellite) was launched by the United
States.

Transmission

energy source, transmission path, and
a sensor. The target is an object or
material that is being imaged. The
components

together

in the

system

work

to measure and record

information about the target without

daylight. Active sensors transmit their

actually coming into physical contact

own signal and measure the energy

with it. The energy source provides

that is reected (or scattered back)
from the target for example Radar.

electromagnetic energy to the target.
Normally, the energy source can be

classied in to two. 1. Passive System
(that is sun, irradiance from earth&#39;s
1.St.mis a Energy Source (A) - the
materials) 2. Active System (that is
first requirement for remote sensing is
irradiance from artificially generated
energy source which illuminates or
energy sources such as radar).
provides electromagnetic energy to
Remote sensing technology makes
the target of things.
use of a wide range electromagnetic
2..Sunrays and Atmosphere (3) ~»
spectrum from a very short wave
as the energy travels from its source to
Gamma ray to a very long radio wave.
The

electromagnetic

radiation

interacts with the target, depending on
the properties of the target and the
radiation; transmit information from the

target to sensor. Sensor is a device to
detect the Electra Magnetic Radiation
(EMR). Sensors can be classified on
the basis of energy received into
assive
Passive

sensors
sensors

and Active

Sensors.

detect

natural

the target, it will come into contact with,
and also interact with, the atmosphere

it passes through. This interaction may
take place a second time as the energy
travels from the target to the sensor.

3. Sunrays and Dbiects on E.arti1
((2) ~once energy makes its way to the
target through atmosphere, it interacts

with the target, depending on the
propoerties such as tone, texture, size,

shape and patterns of both the target

radiation that is emitted or reected by

and the radiation.

the object or surrounding area being
observed. For example Cameras used

4.. Recording of Energy by the

for taking favourite pictures during

Sensor ([1) ~ after energy has been
scattered or emitted from the target,

Processes involved in Remote Sensing
Energy Source (A)

Energy
Sunrays and
Atrnosphere(B)

Recording
by

.1 Sensor
(D)
Sunrays and
arth Object (

Transmission
Reception
and

Processing
(E)
Interpretation
and

the sensor(remote- not in contactwith
the target) collects and records the
electromagneticradiation.
5. Transmission, Reception and
Processing (E) - the energy recorded
by the sensor has to be transmitted,
often in electronicform, to a receiving
and processingstationwhere the data
are processed into an image

identify the areas affected by pests.
croprelateddiseasesetc.
4. Helps the planners for
formulatingpoliciesand programsto
achieve the holisticfunctioningof the

environment.
(hardoopyandlordigital).
For
example.
Spots
theareas
of
6.Interpretation
and
Analysis
natural disasters such as tsunami,

(F)-the
processed
image is
interpreted, visually or digitally or
electronically,to extract infonnation
about the target which was illuminated.

7. Application {G} - the nal
elementof the remotesensingprocess
is achieved by applyingthe extracted
informationfor better understanding
and to reveal some new infonnation, or

assistin solvinga particularproblem.
1. This system has the ability to
providea synopticview of a wide area
in a singleframe.
2.
Remote sensing systems
detect features of inaccessible

areas

drought prone, ood affected and
cyclone hit areas and helps in
providing relief and rehabilitation
programin the affectedareas.
5. Enable the cartographersto
preparethematicmaps like geological
maps, soil maps, population maps etc.

withgreatspeedand accuracy.
GeographicalInformationSystem
(GIS) is a systematic integration of
Computer Hardware, Software and
Spatial Data, for capturing, storing,
displaying,updating,manipulatingand
analysing all forms of geographically
referenced
/

data.
\

that cannot be reached by human
vision:ForexampleEquatorialforestin

the congobasin,Africa.
3. Cheaper and rapid method of
acquiring up to-date and continuous
infonnationover a geographicalarea
For example . It helps agriculturiststo

InformationSystem
combinescomputerdrawn maps with

diagramsuggeststhat GIS consistsof
threesubsystems:
(1) an inputsystemthat allowsfor the
collecteddata to be usedand analyzed
for some purpose; (2) computer
hardware and software systems that
store

the

data,

allow

for

data

managementand analysis.and can be
used to display products of data

three parts: the space segment, the
control segment. and the user
segment. The space segment is
composed of 24 to 32 satellites in
medium

Esra:

orbit and also includes

the boostersrequiredto launch them
into orbit. The control segment is
composed of a master control station,
an alternate

master control station,

manipulation on a computer monitor;

and

and (3) an output system that
generateshardcopy of maps, images,
and other types of output

ground antennasand monitor stations.
The user segment is composed of

GIS is used by people of various
fields.

Gitxpieratlorg
and mining
companies
use GIS to find
prospective areas for exploration and
mining.
tlwlcwerd compartiss use GIS to
monitor and analyse the electricity load
on the grid network for a particular

a host of dedicated

hundreds

of thousands

and

shared

of U.S.

and

allied military usersof the secure GPS
Precise PositioningService, and tens
of millions of civil, commercial,
scientific

users

of

the

and

Standard

PositioningService.

area.

GTran:sportcamElii
use G IS to
locate shortest routes for delivering
goods and to save time.
Gtaw arifarwasmntagencies use
GIS to map, visualize, and analyse
crime incident patterns.

Cllcclagists
use GIS to
understand relationships between

GPS Satallits system

species distributionand habitats.
A

GPS is a space-based global
navigatieri satellite system that
provides reliable ldcatids and time
information

in all weather

times.

was

GPS

created

and

at all

and realized

by the U.S. Bemrtnwnft cf efanes
(DOD) and was originally run with 24
satellites.

It was established

GPS

receiver

calculates

its

positionby precisely timing the signals
sent by GPS satelliteshigh above the
Earth. Each satellite
continually
transmits messages that include,

the

time

transmitted

the
and

message
precise

was
orbital

information

in 1973 to

overcome the limitations of previous
navigation systems. GPS consists of

Three
satellites
might
seem
enough to solve for position, since
space has three dimensions and a

position near the Earth&#39;s
surface can
be assumed. However, even a very
small clock error multiplied by the very
large s
cflighmhe speed at which
satellite signals propagate, results in a
large positional error. Therefore,
receivers
solve

use four or more

their

GPS

location

is

satellites

scientific
asses, traslszisig and
surveillance. GPS accurate timing
facilitates everyday activities such as
banking,

mobile

phone

operations,

and even the control of power grids.

to

andtime.

considered

a

dual-use

technology, meaning it has signicant
military and civilian applications.
l3lBurveying,
Map-making,
Navigation, Cellular Telephony, and
Geofencing are the main civilian use of
GPS.

Farmers, surveyors, geologists and

i&#39;Z1Navigation,
Target tracking,
Missile and projectile guidance,

countless others perfon&#39;n
their work

Search

more efciently. safely, economically,
and accurately, because GPS helps

and

Rescue,

and

Reconnaissance are the main military
use ofGPS.

them with information.

CJGPShas become a widely used
and

a

useful

tool

for

commerce.

EXERKEESE

ii}Ehecse tbs cmrect award.
1. Maps created by using aerial photographs are called jMaps
b)Aerial Photo
a) Ortho photo
2. The Object understudy is known as

c) Physical

a) target
b) source
c) sensor
3. The device to detect the Electro Magnetic Radiation is
a) target

b) Sensor

c) Object

cl)Political
d) Image
d) camera

ll} Matchthe following.
1. Ground Survey

USA

2. Remote Sensing

Many Months

3. Hot air balloon

systematic aerial images

4. Airplanes

French map makers

5. TIROS

short span of time

Geographical Information System
Global Positioning System
ill} Sheri Answers.
1. What is meant by remote sensing?
2. What are the dis advantages of ground survey?
3. Mention the basic components of remote sensing?
4. Define

GIS.

5. Mention any two applications of GIS.
6. Write any two applications of GPS?

EV}An:swerin Paragraph.
1. Write about Remote sensing Techonology.
2. Explain the various components of remote sensing.

3. Explain the process involves in remote sensing Techonology.
4. What are the advantages of remote sensing?

*3.. IMWAANB
India was a dependent country till
August 15,1947. So it could not play
any important role in the world affairs.
After its Independence, it has been

WQRLD

PEACE

Faneha-sheet

India is called by the name of A.
Great.

Peace

Matter.

It followed

ve

principles which are popularly known

taking an active and independent part

as Female.

in

laid stress on these ve principles.

the

world

affairs.

Within

a

short

period, India had won a great name for

sheel.

Jawaharlal

Nehru

country with an unbounded faith in

1.Each country should respect the
territorial integrity and sovereignty of

peace. It declared her determination to
pursue the path of peace and take

others.

2.No country should attack any other

effective measures for the promotion of
international peace, security and cooperation.

country.

itself in the Modern World. India, is a

3.No one should try to interfere in the
internal

affairs

of others.

4.AII country shall strive for equality
and mutual

benet.

5.Every country should try to follow the
policy of peaceful coexistence.
These
added

to

Pancha

sheel

the

international

ms»-Armament

and

greatly
status

of

India.

miaciear

Weagtcas
world

Prcmctamfwnrld

peace

India played a great role in settling
many world disputes and thereby
maintained peace and security. In
Korea and in Indo-China peace has
been established by the great efforts of
India. Similarly when Israel, England
and France attacked Egypt, there was

."i§l.i§%El"
TestEarl.freaky

a danger of a World War. But due to
timely intervention of India, the war

Economic development of the
nations can be achieved only through

was averted.

world peace. World peace is essential

not only for the economic
development of India but also for all the
developing countries of the world.

Some Countries of the world have

invented such dangerous weapons
like the Atom Bomb, HydrogenBomb
etc. If no restrictionsare imposedon
them, the Modern World would be

wiped out. India is very much against
the production of such Nuclear
weapons and began to condemn it
throughoutthe World. Indiais the rst
nationto bring a resolutionin the UN
General Assembly in favour of
disarmament in1956. It took a great
partin signingNuc|earTest BanTreaty
in 1963.

also vehemently condemned these
pacts.

India a deadenemyof oppression
and.Injustic:a
When

into two hostile blocs - the
Bloc and the Russian

Bloc

and both of them trying to increase
their inuence

at the cost of the other.

But Indiahas notjoinedeitherof these
two blocs. Whenever any difference

as

an

SimilarlyIndia voted in favour of
China becomingthe memberof UNO.
So that India acted against the
injustice.
A Great Supporter oftha UNO
India has rendered

After second world war the world
American

acted

aggressor against Algiers, England
against Cyprus and Russia against
Hungary,Indiacondemnedthem.

Policy of Non-alignments
was divided

France

whole-hearted

supportto the United Nationsto bring
World Peace and makingthe policies
of the UNO a great success.It tried to
solve many problems by giving full
supporttoUNO.
Ending ofApartl1eid

arises between these blocs, India tries

to remove that difference thereby
contributingsubstantiallytowards the
World Peace.

Asreat Helper
India

is basically

Colonization
countries

and wants
of the

world

against

The recognition of sovereign
equalityof all people livingin various
parts of the world is the fundamental
factorin India&#39;s
foreignpolicy.

to see all the
free

from

the

foreign domination.It played a great
role in freeing Indonesia from the
domination

of Holland.

In the

same

way it has supported the Freedom
movementsstarted by Egypt, Sudan,
Indo-China,

Ghana,

Morocco and

Bangladesh.
Nelson Mandela.

ATgainst.M.iIlitaryAIIiai1cas
The modern

countries

In South Afri

of the world

are busy in making military alliances
and counteralliances.At presentthere
are many pacts like NATO, SEATO,
Baghdad and Warsaw etc. But India
keptaway fromsuchmilitarypactsand

the whites. did not

give equal rightsto the nativeAfricans.
India had raised this issue for the rst

time in the UN General Assembly in
1946.

It was due to the constant

moral

support of India and the continuous
struggle of Dr. Nelson Mandela, the

policyofApartheidhas been abolished
in 1990.

the people of the two countriescloser.
Negotiations for setting up Iran
Pakistanlndia
taking place.

gas

pipeline

are

Regional life-oparatiam
India

took

the

initiative

to form

SAARG to maintain peace in the
regional level. {The South Asian
As.saci.at%aa far Regiartal cs-«
eparatian}.SAARC&#39;S
rst meetingwas
heldat Dacca in Bangladeshon Dec 7,
1985. Ashan of Bangladeshwas the
rst SecretaryGeneralof SAARC. The
member countries are Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, Afghanistan and Srilanka.
On April 3, 2007 the SAARC has
opened its Annual summit in New

Delhi, where with Afghan President
Hamid

Karzai

in

attendance,

Afghanistan
becameits8"member.

The

SAARC

countries

identied

mutual oo-operationin the following
areas, transportation, postal service,

tourism,shipping,meteorology,health,
agriculture, rural reconstructionand
telecommunication.

eséiai
Raiatiansip
llisiglabaaringf:ai.a1tr§es
lama

with

Delhi

Lahore

bus service

l.adia,amdGitziaa

When China became republic in
1949, India was the rst country to
recognize it. Both the countrieshave
successfullyattempted to restore the
economic lines. China has formally
declared

that

she

will

back

India&#39;s

claim for becoming a permanent
member of United Nation&#39;s
Security
Council.
larlfliaandrilani-ta

Srilankais a Buddhistcountry.The
Mauryan emperor Ashoka spread
Buddhism there by sending his son
and daughter. We have good trade
relation with Srilanka. India always
support Srilanka on just and
reasonablegrounds.The relationship
between India and Srilanka is very
smooth.

laa

ltwill be continued

for ever.

amztBangiadesh
It is due to the effortand supportof

Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then

ans Palsfstari

In spiteof past conicts both India
and Pakistanare tryingto come closer.
The

Wagba

was

launched
on March16 1999to bring

Prime

Minister of India, Bangladesh got
freedom

from

Pakistan

in

1971.

In

1972, a 25 years treaty of friendship,
Co-operationand peace was signedin
Dacca by Indiaand Bangladesh.

The Farakka Barrage issue
regarding the distributionof Ganga
water was settled amicably.India is a
very good friend of Bangladesh.Our
friendshipwith Bangladeshwill go on
forever.

India got its independence
through Non-violence and Ahimsa
under the leadership of Mahatma

Gandhi. Even after independence
India is workinghard to ensure peace
and stabilityamongthe countriesof the
world.

wtacass

I) Eilzoasas
this

answes.

1. Indiaisa countrywithan unboundedfaithin
a) War

b) Peace

c) Love

d) Enemity

2. Pt. JawaharlalNehru&#39;s
ve principlesof peaceare namedas
a) Swadeshi b) New Deal c) Panchasheel

d)Apartheid

3. NuclearTestBanTreatywas signedin
a) 1963

b)1993

c) 1936

d)1998

4. India brought a resolutionin the UN General Assembly in favour of
disarmament

a)1965

in

b) 1956

c) 1995

d) 1976

5.Apartheid was abolished in

a) 1990

b) 1991

c) 1890

d) 1989

6. The rst SecretaryGeneralof SAARC was
a) Jinnah

b)Ashan

c) Ko Annan

d) Gandhiji

ii) Answer the fsoifewirzg
in brief.
1. Mentionthe importantaspectsof India&#39;s
policyfor promotingpeace.
2. Why isworldpeace an essentialone?
3. What are the five principles of the Pancha sheel?

4. Writea noteon the policyofApartheid.
5. Name the areas identied by the SAARC Countries for mutual Co-operation.

6. Indiahas renderedwholeheartedsupporttothe UNO Justify.

iii) Answer the iatiawing in a paragraph.
1. Writea paragraphaboutPanchasheeland the policyof Non-Alignment.
2. Write a short note on SAARC.

2. Democracy
Democracy is the most popular

So Democracy means the power

form of government in modern times.

of the people. In short, democracy may

But the transition from autocracy to
democracy has not been simple. Many

be described
as a system of
government under which people

struggles have shaped this transition.

exercise the governing power either
directly or through representatives

The phenomenal rise of democracy
has not been overnight. Many great
revolutions took place before the
people got the rights to exercise their
power.

Meaning of nemacracy
Democracy means many thing to

many people. The term Democracy
was rst used by Hermzlutus nearly
2500 years ago. Democracy is a term
derived
Demos

from

two

the

Greek

words

and Cratia.

periodically elected by themselves.
According

to

Abraham

Lincoln,

Democracy is a gcivemment of the
people, by the people and for the
peoplei. According to Prof. Seeley
Democracy is a government in which
everyone has a share.
Kinds of Democracy
Democracy can be classied into
two 1)DErrect
Dempcrascyand Ejlndirect
Democracy.

Demo- The People.
Cratia - The power or rule.

Types
ofAiffemesragyt.

V
r&#39;3i?9¥n¢¢::at:¥

55.&#39;?FI.i!:iéfe"=i*3$?-

Merits

Democracy is the most popular
government in modern world. It has
various merits. It provided efficient

government, guaranteed the rights of
the people, provided equality, educate
the

people,

promote

national

character, bring peaceful change of
government, believes not in battle axe,
but in ballot box. In democracy there is

no place for rebellion and revolutions.
Demerits

It resulted the mob government.
Democracy

gave

important

the right to oppose the government,
unearth its lapses and criticize the

policies of the ruling party. A political
party is an organized association of
people who come together on a
common platform with the objective of
winning political power.
Fumztions

These

Educating the masses.
To

provided
costly
No importance for

based

on

and

criticize

the

Playing the role of an intermediary
body between
and the people.

in: p-ertancleof emcmra cy

taken

conduct

government.

government and create class wars.

People are guaranteed fundamental
rights like the right to life and liberty by
the Constitution. In a Democracy all

value

Contesting elections.

individual or minorities. It leads party

are

are of immense

Formulation of General policies.

elected by the people were ignorant,
incompetent
and inexperience.

decisions

functions

for stability as well as orderly
functioning of the democratic system.

not to

People have the freedom to
choose
their representatives.
It
ensures treating people with dignity.

Parties

The Political parties perform
varied functions in a democratic polity.

quality. Most of the representatives

Democracy
government.

oi the Patiticai.

the government

Integrative agency.

Gtassicatibn of the Party ystem
The
classified

Political

parties

in to three

may

be

kinds

tatssizaiiaaf was

the

majority. Democratic government
should enhance public welfare.
Principles of Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity are the foundation of
Democracy.

party as p.e-...qu.s:t.for
democratic system of government.
They provide smooth functioning of
government because the majority
party controls the government, while
the opposition party would try to check

the abuse of power by the ruling party.
As the ruling party has a right to govern
the state, the opposition party enjoy

Singie Party Eystem
In this system,

only one party

exists and it is ofcially recognized by
the constitution
maintains
and

and the people. It
exercises
political

power without any opposition. It does
not allow the existence of other parties
within

the state.

E.g.: China and Cuba.

Advantages of The Single Party
Rate

J During the periods of emergency
or external danger the one party rule

could function more efficiently,
independently
matters right.
J

and quickly to set

Decisions could be taken quickly

under

the

single

Expenditure

party

could

rule.

also

be

controlled.

J It promotes
identity.

greater

national

is easy for the peopleto chooseone of
them.

Disadvantages

The party in opposition makes the

J Deliberations could not take place
at the national level in the single

rulingpartyfunctioneffectively.

partysystem.

Disadvantages
In a Bi- Party system if both of
them proved to be inefficient or bad

there is no hopeof electinga thirdparty
to power.

J Under
the
single
party
system
sometimes

political,

fundamental

rightsand even ordinaryfreedom a re
denied to the people.

J If the single party government
happens

growth

to

be

inefficient,

the

of

the

country

and

If both the parties come to an
understanding with each other then
people could be fooled. The mistakes
of the parties as well as the corruption
in the party could be hidden.

¥ii!i:lt§?ar£y
System
In this pattern there exist more
two political parties with

developmental activities will suffer.

than

J It paves way for totalitarianismand

contendingideologiesand objectives.

dictatorship.

Frame

and

indie

come

under

this

category.

Advantages
Since there are many parties each

3iParty
System

one

In this system, there exist one
ruling party and the other as the

government.

opposition. One party controls the
government

while

the

opposition

effectivelychecks the governmentof
its omissions

and commissions.

Example:

will

monitor

the

other

and

offer

goodplansto the peopleto capturethe
New leaders who may come to
power could give us fresh ideas and
lookat thingsin a differentperspective
to solve the problems.

isadvamarges

1. USA (The RepublicanPartyand the
Democratic Party).

2. England(The LabourParty and the
ConservativeParty).

There
isapossibility
ofthe
ruling

Paliaal

Fiartm

in Emits

a) National Parlzias
A party recognized by the Election
Commission, that secures at least six

percent of the total votes in Lok Sabha
election in four or more states, then it is

called National Party. Eg: Cnzlngraaa.

The

success

of democracy

depends upon conducting periodical
elections. It is only through election

people judge the functioning of the
ruling party and ignore corrupt
politicians by not voting them. To
ensure this, the democratic countries
in the

world

Frachisa.

follow

Untvalsal

Adult

In India, all the citizens

above the age of eighteen have been
given the right to vote in elections.
People above the age of 25 can
contest

in the elections.

Ra Parti

Ragianalmrties
Aparty
that
secures
atleast
six
percent of the total votes in an election

to the Legislative Assembly of a state
and

wins

at

least

two

seats

is

recognized as State or Regional party.
Eg: éllslii.Allamallri,Talugu asarn.

Electronic Voting Macltins

Types at Elecans in larldla
In

India,

people

elect

their

representatives through direct and
indirectelections.

%}§raLat
Etlalztiam
The

citizens

themselves

representatives
Members

elect

through

of the Lok Sabha

the

votes.
and State

Legislative Assemblies are elected in
this manner.

ii) lriéiract Election
The citizens do not directly take
part in the election. The elected
representatives are the voters here.
The members of the Rajya Sabha, the
President

Regional Parties

elected

and

Vice-

President

are

in this manner.

Hy-Etkactlarm
By-elections held when an elected
candidate from a constituency dies or
resigns from the parliament or the state

legislatures.
circumstances

Under
elections

these

will be held

only in those constituencies. Such
electionsare calledby-elections.
pails
Some times it happens that the
Parliament or the state legislatures do

notfunctionforthe wholeperiodof ve
years for various reasons.Then they
are dissolved, elections are

held.

These

mid-

elections

are

called

the

The oppositionparties have the
right to check the expenditureof the
governmentalso. Duringthe question
hour,the oppositionpartiescriticizethe
government generally. The criticisms
of these parties make the rulingparty
correct its actions. Thus the opposition
parties try to restrain the government

fromabusingitspower.

term polls.

Ftcilsat cpprosiibfcri
parties
The Success of the democracy
depends to a great extend on the
constructive role of the opposition
parties. In every democracy all the
partiescannotget majorityseatsall the
time in the parliament. The parties
which do not get majority seats are
called opposition parties. The party
which gets majority seats in the Lok

Sabha next to the rulingpartyis called
the recognisedoppositionparty. The
leader of the oppositionparty enjoys
some privilegesequivalentto that of a
cabinet

minister.

The workof the rulingpartyis very
important.All the powersmentionedin
the constitutionare exercised by the
rulingparty.The oppositionparty also
functions in an effective manner, and

theirworkis no less importantthan that
of the rulingparties.
To check the government from

Eiamiiunvsaig
Constitution of India is based on

the democratic principles. India has
Parliamentary
democracy.

Constitutionof India has providedtwo
typesof government.One at the Union
(Central) level and other at the State
level. The elected representativesof
the parliament are known as MP5

{Member cf Plariiamaritjj
and the body
of the elected representatives at the
state

level

are

known

as

State

Legislature {MLA - Member cf the
Legislavatssesnbly }. Apartfromthis
the LocalSelf Governmentalso enjoys
powerinvillages and towns

becoming authoritarian and to restrict
its powers. the opposition parties keep

The

Indian

constitution

has

a watch over them. The main duty of

providedfor an electioncommissionto

the opposition party is to criticize the

conduct elections, to elect the peoples

policies of the government. Outside

representatives
to the state
legislatures and the parliament.The

the legislature the opposition parties

attract the attentionof the press and
reporttheir criticismof the government
policyinthe newspapers.

election commission is an independent
constitutional body. It is situated at
New

Delhi.

It

fséiwactiarisadarf.

is

also

known

as

The

election

commission

consist

three

member

Election

Commissioner

of India

with

Chief

and two other

The

election commissioners. They are all

appointed by the President of India.
The election

commissioners

hold ofce

election

commission

has the

followingimportantfunctions.
1. It gives recognitionto the political

for a term of six years. The status of

parties.

election commissioner is equivalent to

2. It allots symbols for the parties as
well as independent candidates who

thatofthe SupremeCourtjudges.

stand for the election.
3. It announces
and the dates
be counted
nal

the dates
on which

of election

the votes

and the declaration

will

of the

results.

Our country is the largest
democratic country in the world with a

large densityof population.In spite of
several
hardships
India
succeeded
in preserving

had
the

democraticfunctioningin all spheresof
life and government.For the effective
functioningof democracy,all political
Every state has a chief electoral

ofcer. They are appointed by the
president in consultation with the state

government.The chiefelectoralofcer
is authorized to supervise the election
work in the state.

parties, citizens should play a major
role. More over, the citizens of our
country should judiciously use their

politicalrightsi.e., the Rightto Vote to
make democracy more effective. We
should not forget that it is our
fundamentalduty.

E3{ERC¥EE

i) Bhmse the sunset alnswier.
1.The mostpopularformof Governmentin moderndays
a)Monarchy

b)0|igarchy

c)Democracy d)Hirarchy

2. Direct democracy existed in ancient

a)Greece

b) Italy c)Sardinia

d) Cyprus

3. TeluguDesam isa
a) RegionalParty

b) NationalParty

c) InternationalParty

d)CulturalParty

4. If two parties existin a country, it is called
a) Single party system

b) Bi-party system

c) Multi party system

d) Regional party system

5. The opposition party leader will be given the status of a
a) Cabinet Minister

b) Deputy Minister

c) Minister of State

d) Council of Ministers

6. To contest an election a person should be above the age of
a)20

b)18

c)25

d)35

7. The body of the elected representative at the Central level is known as
a) Legislature

b) Supreme Court

c) House of Common

d) Parliament

8. The status of election commissioner is equivalent to that of the

a) High courtjudge

b) Supreme courtjudge

c) District courtjudge

d) Magistrate

9. The election process in the state level is supervised by
a) Chief Election Commissioner

b) Chief Electoral officer

c) Supreme courtjudge

d) High courtjudge

10. Election

Commission

a) Madras

is situated

at

b) Mumbai

c) Moradabad

d) New Delhi

ti. Answerthie following in h%riaf..
1. Give Abraham Lincoln&#39;s
denition of Democracy.
2. Whatare

National

Parties?

3. What is a Political Party?
4. Mention

the functions

of the Political

Parties.

5. Write the advantages of Single Party System.
6. Give a brief note on the functions

of the Election

Commission.

Ellnswer the following in 3 paragraph.
1. Explain the types and importance of democracy.
2. Mention the types of election and explain them.
3. Explain the role of Opposition Party in a democracy.

3. Unity in Diversity
India is a vast country with
extreme diversity in geographical,

religious linguistic,

racial, cultural

aspects. There are high mountains,
low coastal plains, fertile plains,

desert, evergreen forests, and dry
scrub vegetation, variety of ora and
fauna

and

cultures.

In spite

of

diversities we maintain unity. The unity
in diversity of India is because of our
long history and rich heritage.

Religion
India has a population of more
than hundred Croresmade up of diverse

ethnic groups, divided in number of
castes, professing different religions,
speaking hundreds of languages and
dialects. It isthis marvelous diversity of
people in India which has made it both

a museum and a laboratory for the
study of man. Hence India is rightly
called the Museum

of human race.

T

Christianity was first brought to India
by St. Thomas, an apostle of Christ in
the rst centuryA.D. The Persians who
were driven into India brought to us

their religion Zoroastrianism. Muslim
conquest of India brought Islam into
the

land.

Buddhism,

Jainism

Sikhism had their origin in India. In
spite of all the religious diversity we
have developed a spirit of religious
tolerance and never give room for
religiousfanaticism.
Language
People of India speak different
languages
like Tamil,
Telugu,

Kannada, Malayalam, Hindi, Urdu,
Sanskrit,

Gujarathi

and

Bengali,

besides many foreign languages and
dialects are spoken by its people.
Almost,

in

India

about

845

languages are spoken. Out of these 22
are recognized
as the official
languages by our government. Hindi
in DexranagariScript has been chosen
as the national language of India.
English

is

concurrent

being

used

as

has become

the

language. Language is

the means of communication,

Christianity

and

an instrument

now it

of division

rather than unity. If we realize all other
languages are as good and special as
our own language, they would become

the

instruments

development

of
and

growth,
common

brotherhood.
Literature

The growth of Indian languages
ReligiousSymbols

led

India is the birth place of many
religions and has become the home of
many

others.

ancient

Vedic

religion

religion

is an

of our country.

to

Indian

literature

to

reach

its

zenith. Sanskrit and other languages

have helped the growth of thoughts
and philosophy.

The Ramayana and Mahabharata
are the two great epics of India.

tolerance. Yet all the religious people

Thirukkural

attained by devotion and tolerance.

by Thiruvalluvar

is the

believe

that

Godhood

could

be

greatest literary work in Tamil. The
Bhagavad-Gita is the holy book of
Hindus

Umaruppulavar&#39;s

Seerappuram tells the life history of
Prophet

Mohammad.

Thembavani

written by Veereamamunivar is related
to Christianity.
Festivals

The Hindu festivals of Deepavali,
Navarathri, Vinayaka Chatthurthi,
Pongal, Chittirai Thiruvizha, Aadi Velli,
and Vaikunta Ekadesi, Sri Rama
Navami and Kumbamela are important

festivals celebrated by all.

Pongsi

(3l..Ea"&#39;E5iIS,.
Habits and Heritage
The Indian heritage advocates
hospitality, charity, friendship, love,
unselfishness,
dharma, proper
conduct. humility, truth, peace, mercy,
spiritual feelings, respect for parents
and

elders

and

tolerance.

All

these

help the Indian people live in unity
forgetting their difference in other
respects.
Art and Arch

Etecmre

sspavsli
The

Christians

celebrate

X-mas

and New year day. The Muslims
celebrate

MeeladiNabi

Ramzan.

The

Buddhist

Buddha

poornima

and
celebrate

while

the

the
the

Jains

celebrate Mahavir Jayanthi. The Sikhs
celebrate Guru Nanak Jayanthi. In
spite of all these different festivals
celebrated by different people, and
they advocate and practice religious

Statue

of Suddba

Even from ancient days, India was
famous for its architectural unique. Still
they are growing to suit the modern
tasks.

The
Ellora

paintings at Ajantha and
are

world

famous.

The

Manipur and Oddissiare some of the
famous

dances

in India.

In addition

various

folk

to

Gandhara Art and Sculpture speaks

this

the excellenceof India&#39;s
greatness in

whichare lovedand patronizedby the
people. In many respectsthe richand
varied IndianMusicand Dance playan
important part in fostering unity and

this eld.

best

Temple architecture is the

among

Indian

building

Indians

go on a

architecture.

The

North

there

are

integration.

Pilgrimage to the South Indian
temples.Churchesand DharkasIn the

National integration

same way the South Indians go on

features, its inuences

pilgrimageto the North Indian places
like Kasi, Mathura,

Haridwar and

Rishikesh.Thus the Holycentresbring
the unityamongIndians.
Music and Dance

In spite of diversity in physical
on person&#39;s

living, their varied habits, religious
faiths,language,foodand dresshabits
make the people look different but the

heritageof India bindsthem together;
Humanism,

The Carnaticstyleand Hindustani
style of music is originated in India

dances

spiritual

urge.

brotherhood,friendship, love for all

which is loved and learned by many.

and religious tolerance make the
Indians live in unity and harmony.

Bharathanatiya, Kuchipudi, Kathak,

The feelingand thoughtthat all are
the sons of Bharath, all are Indians and
brothers and sisters help towards the

growth of National Integration along
with national symbols. National ag.
and National anthem. United we live.

dividedwe fall is the spiritwith which
the Indians live and safeguard National

Integration.This unity of India which
we have achieved is basically the
result of cultural heritage which has
developedthroughthe ages rightfrom
the daysof the Indusculture.

Blharathanatiyam
EXERCISE

I} Choose the correct answer.
1. The ancientreligionof our countryis
a) Vedic religion

b) Christianity

c) Islam

2. Recognisedofcial languagesof India
a) 25

b) 23

c) 22

d) 27

d) Zorastrianism

. Languageis, the means of
a) Transport
. Thembavani

b) Irrigation c) Communication d) Spirituality

is related

to

a) Hinduism b) Sikhism c) Christianity

d) Islam

. BuddhaPoornimais celebratedby the
a) Hindus

b) Muslims c) Jains

d) Buddhist

. They play an importantpart in fosteringunityand integration
a) Musicand Dance

b) Art and Architecture

c) Food and Customs

d) Dress and Habits.

it) Answer theyfniiowing in brief.
1. Why is India called the Museum of human race?
2. Name some of the religionsof India.
3. How do our customs,habitsand heritagehelp to maintainunity?
4. What do you know about art and architecture of India?
5. Give a brief note on Indian

Music and Dance.

Ell.Answer
thefuitawling
in3)paragraph.
1. Explain how do language and literature help to maintain unity in diversity.
2. Write a paragraph on National Integration.

ii. Ccnaumar Rights
Consumer is a person one who
givesnal utilityto a commodity.When
we pay a price for a commodity or
service

and

use

consumers.

it, we

The consumersare exploited by
manufacturers

and traders

in different

ways.

become

Sometimes

the

shopkeeper cheats us as he or she
gives poor quality goods, or charges
morefor a commodityor service.
Farms of consumer Exploitation
Due to the expansionof business
activities in an economy.we have a
variety of goods available in the
market.

We

also

have

a number

of

services including insurance.
transport, electricity, finance and
banking. Our demand for goods and
services is influenced by the
advertisement.

actzmic

Shop

The goods being sold in the
market

are sometimes

not measured

or weighed correctly.The goods sold
are sometimesof sub-standardquality.
Selling of medicines beyond their
expirydates and supplyof decient or
defective home appliances are
generally the regular grievances of
consumers. Very often the traders
charge a price higher than the
prescribedretail price. In the name of
genuine parts, duplicate items are
being sold to the consumers.

Rights of ilcnisumera
frmery aim

The

companies

considerable

amount

advertisements
consumers

The following are the rights of
spend

alone

and feed

to

a
on

attract

information

consumers

as codied

in the

Indian

laws, which the businesscommunity
has to keep in mind:

that

they want us to know, but not the
information

that

we

as

consumers

need about the products. When the
consumers, do not have sufficient

information about the products,
normally they get exploited and are
sometimes even harassed by the
businesscommunity.

The consumershave the right to
be protected against marketing of
goods and services, which are
hazardous to life and property.The
quality, quantity, potency, purity,
standardand priceof goods;shouldbe
properly informed. assurance of
access to variety of goods and

services at competitive price. In case

Consumer Protection

of single supplier, the consumer has

the right to be assured of satisfactory
quality and service at a fair price. The
consumer&#39;s interests

due

consideration

should

at

receive

trade

practices

or

In order to protect the interests of

the consumers,

exploitation

of

consumers and right to fair settlement
of the genuine grievances and the
knowledge about goods and issues
relating to consumer welfare. The

Righttmrrfcsrmation
Act was passedby

(1)

all

citizens

to

use

their

fundamental
rights to access
information from public bodies.
The main obiectives ofthe RE Act

Act

public authority and to setup a practical

regime for giving citizens access to
information

that is under

the control

of

public authorities.

of

measure-

Consumer

Production

(2) Administrative

Distributing

essential

measurecommodities

through Public Distribution System
(PDS) (3)Technica|
measureStandardization of the product

a) Lagisiaticlns
Concerning
Consumer: Rights A
The

Government

specific

law

Protection

enacted

called

the

a

consumer

Act in 1986. The Act has led

to setting up of separate Departments
of

To promote transparency and
accountability in the working of every

Legislative

Enactment

the Parliament on 12" Oct 2005 to
enable

the government

adopted three strategies:

appropriate

forums relating to consumer welfare.
They seek redressal against unfair

Measures

Consumer

Affairs

in

Central

and

State governments, which focus
exclusively on the rights of the
consumers

as enshrined

Legal formalitgies
complaint

in the Act.

for

fiiinag a

There are no legal formalities for

The Right to Information Act (RTI)
will cover all levels of government

filing the complaint. Suppose, you find
yourself cheated by a trader or a

Centre, State, district and the local self

manufacturer

governing bodies like Panchayats and

complaint to consumer court, you can
write the details on a plain paper.

Municipal bodies. ltwill also cover non-

and

wish

to

make

a

governmental organizationsi.e.
NGOs, VOs, and other private bodiesthat are nanced substantially with
public funds provided
by the
government. This means every citizen
has the right to put in an application
requesting information or copies of

Attach the supporting documents, that

records held by these bodies and such

consumercourt.

information should be given by the
concerned body. The citizens right to
information is not explicitly mentioned
in the fundamental rights chapter of the
Constitution. Parliament passes the
Act

to

enable

all

the

citizens

fundamental
right to access
information from public bodies.

is, guarantee or warranty card and
cash memo with the complaint and
submit

it in the district

consumer

court.

You do not have to go to any lawyer or
professional for legal assistance. You
yourself can plead the case in the
Most important feature of the Act is

the provision for setting up a three-tier
system, popularly known as Consumer
Courts at national, state and district
levels.

National

Level~

National

Consumer

Commission (Delhi) Apex court under
theAct.

State

Level-State

Consu

mer

Commission

created in 1963 by the Food and
Agriculizure Ctrganisatien (FAQ) and
Warm Health Organisation (WHQ),
located in Rome, Italy. It develops food
standards, guidelines and codes of
practices
for production
and
international trade in food products.

District Level ~»
District Forum
I3}Pu hilt: istrihuition System

India has been observing 24"

Apart from ensuring food security

December

as the National

Consumers

to the poor as a part of certain
administrative
measures,
Public
Distribution system is also expected to
be strengthened. Measures to prevent

observed

hoarding, black-marketing and over-

day.

charging

importance as it was on this day in

by traders

need

to

be

Day. It was on this day that the Indian
Parliament

enacted

Protection

Act

in 1986.

as

This

the

the

World

day

has

Consumer
March

15 is

Consumers

a

historic

enforced.

1962, when the Bill for Consumer

cs}Standardization efiF&#39;rodua£s

Rights was moved in the US Congress.

Another important measure taken
by the government to protect the

Ralph Nadar, a consumer activist

consumers from lack of quality and
varying standards of goods is creation
of institutions for setting up the
standards for making and producing
various products and enforcing them.
In

India,

this

has

been

achieved

through Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS) and Agmark. While BIS caters
to the industrial and consumer goods,
the Agmark is meant forthe agricultural

was

considered

Consumer

as

the

Father

of

Movement.

Birth of Capra
The right to redress lead to the
passing of the Consumer Protection
Act {CCIPRA} in 1986 in India which
has been dened as the Magna Carta
ofconsumers.

Measures taken by the fsavemment
of Tamil Nadu to protest-the
consumers

products.
Just as we have standardization

of

products in India, at the International
level also, an institution
called

International

Qirganizatimt

for

Establishment

of

Citizen

Consumer clubs in every educational
institution.
Providing
consumer
education to rural masses through

Geneva,

serves to provide such a

Women Self Help Groupsl Panchayat
level federations
and through

common

reference

Residents

Standardization

(I351), located in

non-governmental
established

in 1947.

standard.

It is a

organization
|SO&#39;s
work

results

in international agreements, which are
published as international standards.

For setting international food
standards, there is a similar body
called
Commission.

Codex
This

Alimentations
commission

associations

in

urban areas. Generating awareness
through
sectoral
workshopsl
seminars.

Publication

and

distribution

of monthly magazine under the
caption. Tamil Nadu Nugairsmr

Kavaaam. Propagating consumer
awareness messages through Radio/
Television

was

Welfare

Media

and short

video

films.

With the motive of developingcitizen
as

a "iufaltiabla Consumer

various

consumer organisationsare serving
together with Government of Tamil
Nadu in providingconsumereducation
to generalpublic.

Amrantsges and kairtvanitsges
1.Create

Awareness

The

responsibility to be alert and
questioningthe priceand qualityof the
goods and services we buy and use.
2. Social

Concern

We

need

to

make sure that the product and
servicesthatwe use or notproducedin
a situation
3.
should

that harms others.

Environmental
understand

concern

We

the environmental

and other consequences of our
consumption.

In the United States a variety of
laws are passed at both the federal or
state levels to regulate consumer
affairs. Among them are the Federal
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the

Fair Credit Reporting Act, Truth in
LendingActetc.
At the state level, many states
have a Department of Consumer
Affairs devoted to regulating certain
industriesand protectingConsumers.
United Riwgdam
The United Kingdom, as member

state of the EuropeanUnion,is bound
by the consumerprotectiondirectives
of the EU.
It also

acts

as the

UK&#39;s
official

consumer and competition watchdog.

Gsrrnsrsy

Erlnrironmenta Awarnms

aévanmges
Aminister
ofthe
federal
cabinet
is
responsiblefor consumer rights and
protection.

1.Inmany
cases
consumers
are
exploitedby attractiveadvertisements
throughmedia.

in their favour

whether

it is scheme

v Consumer Awareness Training to
self helpgroupl Panchayatlevel

of

exchange, gifts, lotteries,etc., if there
is any problemarise mostof the people
cannot move to consumer
3. The Government

-I

Federation

6

Seminar

or Orientation

Welfare

Associations

in most of the

countries has found that, though

is Workshop

4. The People had no awareness

to

on Consumer

on

Unfair

on Credit

Cards"

Trade

Practices

of the consumerrightsand products.
Pianzng

to Residents

Rights

consumer is the king, he is exploited.

Cmrent

members

court.

~

create

Seminar

1&#39;
Seminar on Mobile phones

cansumerawareness

By creating consumer awareness

Planning for Elders staff and
leaders participate in core activities,
discussions, and popular education

among the people the Government
can upliftthe standardof livingof the

activities.

people.

miter Plans
1- Trade
-

Fair

Consumer

Fest

EX;ERC§¥$E

3) iilwase the correct answer.
1. A personone who gives nal utilityto a commodityis
a) Producer

b) Consumer

c) Shop keeper

d. farmer

. The customerare exploitedby the
a) Carpenters

b) Farmers

c) Tailors d) Traders

. The Rightto InformationAct was passed by the parliamenton
a) 12th Oct. 2005

b) 21st Oct. 2005

c) 12th Oct 2006

d) 21st Oct .2006

. World consumerday is celebratedon
a) March 15

b) March 16

c) March 14

d) March 11

. The Magnacartaof consumers
a) WHO

b) COPRA

c) EXNORA

d) FAO

. One of the planningschemesto create awarenessamongthe consumers
a) Vana Mahotsava

b) Operation 21 c) Trade fair d) Rajarajan 1000

ii) Answer the feiiuiwing in brief.
1. How are the customersexploited?Mentionany two forms.
2. Write a brief note on the birth of COPRA.

3. Write any two measurestaken by the Governmentof Tami|Naduto protects
the consumersagainstexploitation.

iii} knswerthefariiawirzg
in a paragraph.
1. Write a paragraphon the rightsof consumers.
2. What are the measurestaken by the Governmentof Tami|Naduto protect
the consumers?

1.

NATIONAL

INCOME

Introduction

We classifythe peopleof our society
intothree such as rich, middleand poor
on the basis of their individual income.
7 Likewise the countries are also classied

intotwosuchas developedcountriesand
l developing countries based on their
national Income. Now we study what is

3 nationalIncome, its components,the
measurement

of National

Income

and

the need for the study of National
Income.

L; Denltlon of NationalIncome
National

Income is a measure of the

total value of goods and services
producedby an economyovera periodof
time. normally a year. Commonly
National

Income

is

called

as

Gross

National Product or National Dividend.

Basic concepts of National income
Gross National Prod act (GNP)
Gross

National

Product

is the total

value of output (goods and services)

person is an indicatorto show the living

standard of people in a country. It is
obtained by dividing the national
Income by the population ofa country.

produced and income received in a

year by domestic residents of a
country. It includes profits earned from
Domestic

Gross

National Income

Ppulaion

international Comparison of Percapita income

capital invested abroad.

Gross

_

Percaplta |ncome :

Product(GlJP)

Domestic

Product

is

the

total value of output (goods and
services) produced by the factors of
production within the geographical

b

&#39;
fth cg

Net National product is arrived by

ource: Wand Bank Report

making some adjustment with regard
to depreciation. That is we arrive the

NNP by deducting
depreciation
from
Products (GNP)

the value of
Gross

National

NNP -&#39;==
GNP()Beprec:iatic:m

The National Income of a country
can be calculated by the following three
Methods.

Net Domestic Prod uni (NDP)

Domestic

Domestic
Product

product.

is obtained

Net

from the

Gross Domestic Product by deducting
the

quantum

of

tear

and

wear

expenses (depreciation).
NDP 3 GDP()Depresiation
Percapita income (Pct)
Percapita

Method

2.lncome

Method

3.Expenditure Method

Net Domestic Product is part of

Gross

1.Product

Income or output per

1.Product

Method

In this method

goods

the total value

and services

produced

of all

in a

country is taken into account.
2. income

Method

In this method, the Income and

Payments received by all the people in
the country are calculated.

3. Expenditure Method

5.Heusaah.ol:i

In this method we add up the
expenditure of all people on consumer
goods, investment and saving.

National

Income

services:

The

analysis

ignores

domestic work, house keeping and
social

services.

Most

of such

valuable

work rendered by our women at home

does not enter our national counting
6.Ss:acial Services:

It ignores

volunteer and unpaid social services.

For example the wonderful services of
Mother Teresa to destitute orphans and
the

i;.Eia:::kmoney: Black money is
nothing but unaccounted money. That

diseased

National

are

not

included

in our

Income.

is money earned by illegal activities,

illegal business and money through
corruption.

This

unreported

money

affecting the economy as well as the
society. This black money under
estimates

the national

income

2. Nonmmosnetizatianz In most of the

rural economy, considerable portion of
transaction occurs informally and they
are called non-monetized economy.
This presence of such non-monetary
economy keeps the National Income
estimates

at lower

3. Bcmbie

level than the actual.

counting:

Double

counting is a difficulty associated in the
calculation

of

National

Income.

The

error of double counting may occur in
calculating raw materials first and then

the nished products.

Its value

is accounted

under output method. Butthe same tyre
value is added again in a car
manufacturing industry.

ii. Unscientic

and unreliable

data:

The data collected in the agriculture
sector

is unreliable

are unscientictoo.

and

the

estimates

measure

the

size

of

the

2.To measure the production
goods and services.

of

3.To trace the trend or speed of the
economic growth of our country in
relation to previous years and that of
othercountries.
4.To

know

the

contribution

of

primary, secondary and tertiary sector
in the National

Income.

5.To help government, to formulate
development plans and policies
increase economic growth.
Economic

into three

E.g. Tyre is the final output of Tyre
manufacturers.

1.To

economy and level of country&#39;s
economic performance.

activities

sectors

are

namely

to

classied

Primary

Sector, Secondary Sector and Tertiary
Sector.

Trends in National income
Growth of National income in Endia

Year 2003 V V2004I

2005

V2006 If 2007

2008

If2009

Source : central statistical ogranisaticn
Sectoral

Growth

rate

of

1.p¢alsct:yamncim.s

National

If

IV

Income in India (2009).
Economic

development

can

be

achieved only if there is peace in the
state. So the primary function of the
government is to maintain law and

order besides protecting the people
from external aggression and internal
disorder.

Scarce : centtat etatistécaicgranisaticn

2.The

Administrative

function

The three important wings of the
state are legislature, Executive and
In modern days, the role of
government

has totally changed.

In

Judiciary

olden days, the Laissez-faire doctrine
was very much prevalent. The
government was more or less a police

state confining their activities to
maintain law and order, rendering
justice and protecting the country from
external aggression

Sociai
Security
funations
The government undertakes social
security measures by offering relief to
the poor, sick and the unemployed.
4.Eccmomic

In

recent

government
Government

times

has
functions

state catering to the
aspirations of the people.

the

role

of

expanded.
as

a

welfare

needs

and

Functions

The government takes various
measures to improve agriculture and

develop trade and industry.
Eg. Grant of subsidies loans at lower
rate of interest, administered
support prices etc.,

and

Thus the Government performs a
wide range of functions in order to
accelerate economic development.

EXERICISE

1}imcse

the correct answer.

1. National

Income

is othenivise

a) Real Income

called

b) Money Income

b) Nominal Income d) Gross National Product
2. National Income of a country can be calculated by
a) 2 methods
3. Net National

b) 3 methods

c) 4 methods

d) 5 methods

Product

a) GNP (-) Depreciation

b) Net domestic product (-) Depreciation

c) Percapita Income (-) Depreciation
d) Gross domestic product (-) Depreciation
4. India&#39;s
percapita Income is

a) 220 dollars

b) 950 dollars

c) 2930 dollars

d) 600 dollars

5. Primary sector consists of
a) Trade
6. National

b) Construction
Income

is a measure

c)AgricuIture

d) telecommunication

of

a) Total value of money

b) Total value of food grains

c) Total value of Industrial products

d) Total value of goods & services

7. Expenditure method estimates national income from the

a) Output side

b) Income side

c) Expenditure side

d) Savings side

8. Income

method

a) Expenditure

sums

all forms

of

b) Income

c) Savings

d) Investment

9. Percapita Income is an Indicator of

a) Richness of People

b) Poverty of people

c) Living Standard of people

d) Literacy of people

10. Primary sector Contribution to national Income in India is
a)15.8 %

b) 25.8%

c) 58.4%

d)12.8%

El) Wrftei$hart Notes on thefelicwirtg.
1. Define

National

Income

2. How you arrive at NNP?
3. Write

a note on Income

method?

4. What is Percapita Income?
5. Write any two needs for the study of National Income.
6. What istertiary Sector?
7. What

is Laissez-faire?

8. Write

a note on the Productive

9. Define

Gross

Domestic

10. What

is net Domestic

functions

of modern

welfare

Product?
Product?

Ell}Writeiin a Paragraph.
1. Explain two basic concepts of National Income.

2. Explain the need forthe study of National Income.
3. Explain the methods of calculating National income
4. Write

about

the Functions

of Modern

Welfare

Activity
1.Find out the Percapita income of Tamilnadu

State.

State.

2. INDIAN

ECONQMY

AFTER

INDEPENDENCE
The important consequences of

This

lesson

explains

the basic

features of the Indian economy, its
status during the British rule and after
Independence.

Indian

Now

economy

we

study

before

the

the

British

rule in India are as follows:

1.Decline of the rural economy
2.Decline

of Indian

handicrafts

3.|ntroduction of new land system.
We conclude, though the British

Independence.

policy was aimed
natural

Indian economy in the early days
was a village economy. Agriculture was

the primary occupation and nearly 70
percentage of the population engaged
in Agriculture. The community of the
village produced the necessary

resources

at exploiting
for

the

the

benet

of

England, their administration ensured
unified India, security and safety but not
prosperity.
After

Independence

the leaders

and the planners aimed at improving
the economy of the nation. The then
Prime

Minister

Jawaharlal

Nehru

requirements and rarely the products
went beyond the local market. The

wanted strengthening the rural base.

relationship with neighbouring village is

He gave high priority to agriculture,
irrigation and power projects. To

very much limited.
More

over

established

India

industries

had
in the

a
nature

well
of

handicrafts. The chief among them is
textile industry. Trade and commerce

flourished only in urban centres.

achieve progress Nehru decided that
India would be a mixed economy in
which public and private sectors would
co exists.

Hence

Nehru

recommended

five year plans to improve the National
Economy.

Bengal was famous for calicos,
Benares
for silk, Tamilnadu
for
Handlooms, Kashmir for shawls and

Five

Year

plan

borrowed

When the British conquered India
they disintegrate the village economy.

execute Five Year plan, the planning
commission was set up in India in the

British

rule

coincided

with

the

industrial revolution in England. This
Industrial revolution exploited India to
serve
Britian.

the economic
India

was

interests
considered

of Great
as

Russia.

In

Russia it was a seven year plan. To

year 1950. The Prime Minister of India
is the chairman of planning commission
of India. Its activities are coordinated by
a full time Vice-Chairman.

the

repository of raw materials intended for
supplying the industrial needs of
England. All the expansions in the fields
of transport, communication, irrigation,
education etc were mainly aimed at
accelerating the process of economic
drain from India.

Soviet

was

Ludhiana for woolen products.

The

from former

concept

The important objectives of five
year plans in India are as follows:
1.|ncreasing the National Income.
2.Reducing the inequalities in the
distribution

of income

and wealth.

3.E|imination of poverty.
4.Providing
additional
employment.
5. Removing the bottlenecks in
agriculture
production
and in
manufacturing sector.

National

Income

of

India

is derived

from agriculture.
Green revolution

was introduced

in

the year 1967. The Indian Council of
Agricultural
Research
(ICAR)
introduced this new strategy through
land refonns. promoting the use of High
Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds and
improved irrigation facilities,
to
increase the agricultural production.

Ten ve year plans have already
been completed. Now, Eleventh Five
year plan is in progress.
The eleventh five year plan
commenced in April 2007. It covers a
period ofve years i.e., 2007-2012.
Objectivesof Eleventhve year plan
1.lncreasing the public investment
in irrigation, rural electrication and

Impact of Green Revolution

ruralroads.

2.To reduce the subsidies in power,
fertilizer.

3.Promoting agricultural research.
4.To

ensure

environmental

protection.
5.Larger
employment
opponunmes.
6.To develop rural infrastructure.

The government initiated speedy
land reform measures like land ceiling
legislation, abolition of intermediaries
and tenancy legislation. In this regard
the Bhoodhan movement started by
Vinobhavbhave

deserves

a mention.

7.To abolish poverty.
8.To reduce the dropout rate in

primaryschools.
Now, let us discuss the agricultural
and industrial development which are
the key factors for our national
Economy.

In India, agriculture is the backbone
of the economy. Nearly 40% of the

Acharya
Vinbalah

Through the Bhoodhan movement
millions

of acres

from the landlords

of land were
and distributed

received
to the

landless poor

Public

sector

units

refer

to

industries run by government e.g.
Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Bharath
Heavy Electricals Limited, BSNL and
Airlndia.
Private

The green revolution largely means
increasing production of food grains by
using High Welding Variety seeds
especially of wheat and rice. The use of
High Yielding Variety seeds requires
regular supply of water, fertilizer,
pesticides and nancial resources.
As a result of green revolution large
number of states benefited by
producing more crops. This enabled
India to achieve self-sufciency in food
grain production. The credit of
introducing the High Welding Variety

seeds goes to Indian Council of
Agriculture
Research and many
agricultural
universities in India
particularly Ludhiana, Pantnagar (UP)
and Coimbatore.

sector

industries

refer

to

industries run by private like Asokh
Leyland, TVS group of companies,
Godre] and TI cycles.
High priority was given to heavy
engineering and machine building
industries, castings and forgings,
fertilizer and petroleum products.
The year 1991 has a special
signicance in the Indian economy.
Many economic measures were
introduced to achieve the objectives of
new economic policies of government.
The

rapid

economic

reforms

aimed

industrialization.

For

at

this,

abolition of industrial licensing,
allowing
foreign
investment,
encouragement to private sector and
coexistence

of

public

private sector were

sector

and

taken by the

government.
Because

of the economic

reforms

foreign investment in India is increased
many fold. Multi national companies
like Nokia, Ford, Hyundai and L&T
have made

investment

in India.

Fiiedustslnship yardavizakapsttinam

A number

of

public

sector

industries were started. The important
public sector industries are Hindustan

machine tools, Hindustan Shipyard,
Sindhri Fertilizer factory, Integral
Coach Factory and newsprint mills.

More

over

small

scale

Industries

and cottage industries were allowed to
expand
by providing
them
concessions.

Cottage industries are household
industries depending on local market
and production is of primitive methods.
Example-handlooms, Coir industries.

The

Ultimate

Liberalisation,
Globalisation

benefits

of

Privatisation

and

in India

are the sizable

increaseinforeignexchangereserves.
The another important aspect in
Indian Economy is the science and
technology. India occupies a unique

position in the fields of nuclear

Cottage indtistsriss
Small

scale

industries

programmes,

are

more

are lessminifactories.They dependon
large scale industries:
Example: Industrialunitsin and around
BH ELofTrichyand Ranipet.
The notable aspects of economic
reforms are as follows 1.Liberalisation,
2 Privatisation

3 Globalisation

Liberalisation

towards

means

a free

Liberailisation

movement

market

othenivise

system.
known

withdrawal
of regulation
restrictions
for privatesectors.

as

and

space

research,

astronomy and Astro physics,
oceanography, bio-technology and
organicchemistry.
The importanceof nuclear energy
to meet the longterm energy needs of
the countrywas felt quiteearly in 1954.
The primaryobjectiveof India&#39;s
nuclear
energy programmeis the development
and use of nuclear technology for
peaceful purposes such as power
generation, applicationin agriculture,
medicineand industry.The rst atomic
powerstationinTrombaywas started in
the year 1956. At presentthere are 1?
atomicpowerstationsin India.

Private sectors are encouragedto
enter

into

core

industries

which

are

reservedfor publicsector.
Privatisation

generally

means

transforming all economic activities
from publicsector to private sector. It
also refers to the setting up of private
unitsin publicutilityservices.
Atomis«
Globalisation

refers

where

a

country draw raw materials from any
source

of the world

and

ssaonsitalpskitskm

manufacture

goodsand sevices.The nished goods
also nd a place in the global market.
Thus globalisation is the linkage of
nation&#39;s
marketswithglobalmarkets.

India is one of the six nations

in the

world, capable of launchingsatellites.
The Indian
space
research
organization (ISRO) under the
departmentof space is responsiblefor
research and development in the area
of satellite

communications

and remote

sensing. In the year 1975 the rst
satelliteAryabhattawas launched. So
far inthe last40 years50 satelliteswere
launched.

An Indian

mission

to moon-

Chandrayan1 was launchedin 2008. It
discovered presence of water in the

comprisesof 77.93 milliontelephone
connections

and

over

1.79

million

public call ofces. There are 65.2
crores

cellular

subscribers

in

the

countryand the cellularbase is growing
at the rateof one millionper month.

moon.

Rccitei launching
Tale Ccmmunlcacn

The department
of ocean
development
has projects for
explorationof marine living and nonlivingresourcesand conservationof its
environment.

Antenna

Information technology refers to
the use of computersand softwareto
manage information. Bangalore,
Hyderabad and Chennai are the main
informationtechnologycentresin India.
It earns millionsof croresof rupees as
foreign exchange. Tata Consultancy
Services, Infosys, Wipro, HCL and
Cognizanttechnologiesare the major
players in the informationtechnology
sector. IT sector provides massive

employmentopportunitiesto the Indian
youth.
Through several research and
development projects significant
developmentsin the eld of agriculture,
health

care,

animal

sciences,

environmentand industryhave been
achieved.(e.g. oralvaccinefor cholera)

In 2011 census the literacy rate
increased to 74.04 percent. The male
literacy rate increased to 82.14
percent. The female literacy rate was
65.46 percent. The number of literate
persons increased to 778.45 millions in
2011.

India has the tenth largesttelecom
network

in the

world.

The

network

Among the states Kerala has the
highest literacy rate exceeding 93,9

percent while the lowest literacy rate
has been Bihar with 63.8 percent.

importance. Other institutions include

Literacy rate of Tamilnadu is 80.3

1800 women colleges. The emphasis in
the tertiary level education lies on

percent.

16000 colleges including exclusive

science
The
serious

Indian
efforts

government
for

the

takes

enrolment

of

children up to the age of 14 years. It has
also

banned

child

labour.

In India

80%

of all recognized schools at the
elementary stage are government run
or supported.

Education

has

been

made free and compulsory upto the
age of 14 under the Right of children to
Free and Compulsory Education Act of
2009.

Because
of the quality
enhancement programs through the
agencies of District primary education
programme and Sarva Sikhsha
Abhiyan
enrolment
has been
enhanced. Now the right to education
gives impetus to primary education.

The Secondary education covers
children of 14 18 years which covers
88.5 million children. A signicant
feature of India&#39;s
secondary school
system is inclusion of vocational stream
at the higher secondary level. Another
new feature of secondary education is
the implementation of Rashtriya
Madhyamik ShikshaAbhiyan (RMSA).

and

institutions

of India

the third largest in the world after China
and

the

United

states.

The

main

governing body at the tertiary level is

the University Grants Commission. As
on 2009,
India has
Universities, 215 state
100

Deemed

institutes

which

20 central
Universities,

Universities
are

and
of

national

13

such

Some

as the

Indian

Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indian
Institute of Management (IIM) have
been globally acclaimed for their
standard

of education.

The

Union

governments

and

in

India

the

state

have

been

earmarking substantial
financial
outlays for the development of
education.

The spread of education

across different sections of society
should

be

ensured

so

as

to

attain

economicgrowth.

Tamilnadu stands third among the
Indian

states

in the

socio-economic

achievement

of

development.

tuna.
Vgrzmary

ion:

The primary education in Tamil
Nadu had a remarkable expansion

during the period of Thiru. K.Kamaraj,
the then Chief

Minister

of Tamilnadu.

In

the eld of primary education, access to
primary schools is almost totally
achieved.
All the villages
and
habitations have been provided with a
primary school. To ensure Universal
enrolment,

India&#39;s
higher education system is

technology.

universal

retention,

universal achievement the government
provides welfare schemes such as the
noon meal and free bus pass. Under
the noon meal scheme food is prepared
in every school daily and five eggs per
week
over

are served
the

state

to the students.

More

collaborates

with

centrally sponsored scheme Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) to achieve the

objectives of elementary education for
all.

Eecicrtdary Educatlcar:

coffee, Tea, cardamom

Secondary education serves a
bridge between primary and higher
education. With the aim of encouraging
the students
the government
distributes free cycles to the XI
Standard Students. Laptop computer
were provided to X Std students who
get ranks. The government is also
providing computer education and

Agricultural production in Tamilnadu

vocational

education

to the students

for

has increased

and rubber.

due to land reforms

and

improved methods of agriculture.
The Tamilnadu
government
encourages industrial development.
The major industries in Tamilnadu are
cement,

Textiles,

petro

chemicals,

sugar and information technology.

gainful employments. The Rashtriya
Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA).
scheme is implemented with the central

government to promote talent among
students

to

enable

them

to

become

socially

and economically

active

citizens.

Tiaaishar Emscatzian
There

are

30

District

Institute

of

Education and Training to produce
efcient teachers and to impart skills in
modern teaching techniques.
l*ilglwrE;ducal:§cn
Tamilnadu

is

one

of

the

most

Nafyrveifasgniara
cor

.

The important power stations in
Tamilnadu

are listed below:

1. fllmrrnal

Wrwer

advanced states in the country in the
field of Higher Education. The
government makes higher education
more accessible to the economically

Thermal power stations are in
Ennore, Tuticorin, Mettur, Basin Bridge
and Neyveli.

weaker

E.l~l3.r-at
Fewer

sections

and

rural

students.

The aim of the government is to
increase the gross enrolment rate in

higher education from the present level
of 11.72%to 25% by2020.
Agriculture has been the major
source of livelihood for the people of

Tamilnadu. The major food crops of
Tamilnadu are paddy, cholam, cumbu
and ragi. Sugarcane, cotton, sunower,
coconut, cashew, chilli, gingelly and

Hydel

power stations

are in

Mettur, Kundah, Periyar Dam,
Kothayar Dam, Pykara, Singara and
Moyar.
atamic Energy
Atomic power stations are in
Kalpakkam and Koodankulam.
4.w&#39;§m:l
Energy
It is a non-conventional

form

of

energy. The windmills are situated in

groundnut are the commercial crops.

Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Tuticorin,

The plantation crops of Tamilnadu are

Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli.

The efcient road system In
Tamilnadu is the reason for rapid
industrialization. The rail transport has

connectivity throughout India. Surveys
are conducted to lay new railway lines.
Mass rapid transit systems and
Chennai metro rail project provides a
rail network to Chennai city. There are
three major ports in TamilnaduChennai, Ennore and Tutioorin. The

minor ports are Cuddalore and
Nagapattinam.
The airports in

Wind mill

Tamilnadu are Chennai, Coimbatore,

5.Blo.mass Energy
This

is

another

kind

of

Madurai. Trichy. Salem and Tutioorin.

non-

conventional energy. This kind of
electricity is produced in Namakkal
and Dharrnapuri Districts.

_;~%$

J , ,

To cope with the increasing
demands

8315

MW

Production

capacity thermal Stations are being
started in Tamilnadu. In a joint venture
the

National

Thermal

have

station

established

in Valloor

a

of Thimvallur

These will denitely

Port

Power

Corporation and Tamilnadu Electricity
Board

Chennai

thennal
District.

augment the

increasin

Because

of the efforts of the union

and state governments agricultural
development and industrialisation are
taking place in India. In the near future
India is to be a major economic power
in the World.

EXERCISE

I) Choose the correct answer.
1. Five year plan in India was borrowed from
a) Soviet Russia

b) United States ofAmerica

c) United Kingdom

d) UnitedArab Emirates

2. Eleventh

Five Year Plan Period

a) 1956-1961

is

b) 1997-2002

c) 2002-2007

C!)2007-2012

3. Chairman of Planning commission of India is
a) President of India

b) Prime Minister of India

c) Finance Minister of India

d)Vice President of India.

4. Planning Commission of India was setup in the year
a) 1962
5. Nehru

decided

b) 1950

c) 1956

that India would

a) Mixed economy

d) 1949

be a

b) Socialist Economy

c) Capitalist Economy
d) Money economy
6. Green revolution was introduced in the year
a) 1967

b) 1977

c) 1987

d) 1957

7. Bhoodan Movementwas started by

a) Jayaprakash Narayan

b) Jawaharlal Nehru

c)Acharya Vinobhabhave

d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

8. Which year has a special Significance in Indian Economy.
a)1981
b)1991
c)2001
d)2010
9. The Organization which is responsible for research and development in the
area of Satellite

and Communication

is

a)|CAR
b)|CMR
c)|SRO
d)CS|R
10.As per 2001 census the literacy rate in India is
a) 64.8%

b) 65.8%

c) 66.8%

d) 67.8%

H}Writs thmt notes on the Fcitawing.
1 . Write any three Objectives of Eleventh Five year plan.

2. What is Mixed Economy?
. Write

a note on Green

revolution?

. What is Multi National Corporation?

3
. Write

4

. What

a note on Liberalization
is Privatisation?

. Whatdo you mean by Globalization?

5.Write
anote
on
cottage
Industries.
6
7

ill} Write in 3 Paragraph.
1. Write down the Objectives of Eleventh Five Year Plan.
2. Explain Green Revolution.

3. Explain Economic Reforms of 1991.
4. List down the various welfare measures implemented by the Tamil Nadu
Government.

5. Explain the Various Power Programs in Tamil Nadu.

Activity
1.Find
out
the
major
agricultural
crops
inyour
area.