STANDARD TERM 130 EIGHT I Crop Production and Management 1. CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEM ENT Uncle! can you tell me how paddy is cultivated? India is an agricultural country. We all totally depend on agriculture for our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. Food is essential for our survival. It provides energy and materials required for the growth and maintenance of our body. Indian population had grown by 21.34% between 1991 and 2001. - Population of India in 2010 is around 1,192,196,919 (1.19 billion) people. - It is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat. It is expected to exceed by 20% in 2050. 1.1. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES How do you think food can be provided With the increase in population , the to such a large number of people? In order to provide sufficient food for a demand for food has also gone up. larger population, regular production, The available land for agriculture has proper management, storage and been decreasing. Therefore improved, application of recent technology are to agricultural practices have to be introduced. be implemented in agriculture. 132 Crop Production and Management All the activities which are involved 0 Retains moisture for a long period inthecultivation ofcropsfromsowing. Promotes growthof usefulmiCm_ to harvesting are known as agricultural practices. organisms to bring nutrient rich soil to the top o Helps in the removal of undesirable plants (weeds) It is one 1'2 BASE;PRACTICES OF of the old andtraditional methods of CROP PRODUCTIQN agriculture. Afarmer ploughs thefield Production of cropsinvolvesseveral Wlll"l3 PloughPulledbl 3 PallOlbullsactivities carried out by the farmers over a period of time. These activities are given below. Preparation of soil and sowing Adding manure and fertilizer Irrigation Protection from weeds Harvesting Storage and Marketing 1.2.1. PREPARATION AND sowms OF SOIL °°99 , Now a Before sowing theseeds, wehavedgs IOUhinvISdcsneb tractor to prepare theSoil Preparation ofS0drillen Fcultigxl/atoll? The use oflcultivator isthe first essential stage forcultivation ' , of crops.Turning andloosening the Saves lab°randt'me' soil involves, ,............................................................................ i) Ploughing ortilling ii) Levelling and iii) Manuring if) Pizmghing: It is the process of loosening soil. Ploughing is important because it, o Provides good aeration to roots in order to breathe Tractor and cultivator 133 Crop Production and Management Theotherploughingtoolsarespade, shovel, hoe and pickaxe. .. . Seed drill helps in uniform distribution of seeds, covering the . seed after so in and re ent'the as) teveifing: The ploughed field maySeeds from bggggdamagedv bynggrds have big pieces of soil crumbs, so, it y ' isnecessary tobreak thesecrumbs with the leveller. It also M ensures uniform irrigation. :\i §:i)ilftmurirtg: Sometimes manure is added before tilling. It helps in proper mixing of manure with soil. It is the most important _ stepof cropproduction. The process sowing byseed d,,,,_ of putting seeds into the soil is called sowing. Before sowing, the land must 1'22 AND be watered.Seeds used for sowing _ _ shouldbe of goodquality,healthyand All the plantsgettheirnutrientsfrom free from infectionSowingis doneby the soil. RepeatedcultivationOfClOpS two methods make the soil deficient in minerals. So farmers It is the traditional method of sowing where the seeds are sown manually by scattering them in the moist add manure and fertilizers to the soil to ensure that the crops get proper nutrients. The soil. substances which to the soil in the form are added of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure or fertilizers. 1.2.3. IRRIGATION Plants need water for germination, drawing nutrients and preparing their food by photosynthesis. Manual sowing. . _ .. The process of supplying water to crops in the field at different intervals is called irrigation. It varies from crop to crop, season to season It is a method of sowing and soil to soil. the Seeds'IhT0UQh the fuhhei OT Someofthe sourcesofirrigationare Ueihg'iW0 01' three Pipes heVihQwell, tube wells, ponds,lakes,rivers, Sheff? ehdS- dams and canals. 134 Crop Production and Management 2:: In this i) mgenai Metha method the eld ISJustfilledwithwater. Inourcountry traditional systems of 99-Paddy e- irrigation like, o pulley system (moat) o chain pump and o lever system (rahat) have been used for centuries to lift water from water reservoirs and supply it to the field for irrigation. These methods are cheaper but not much efficient g Basinirrigation " irTigati0n is usedwherethesoilcannotretain ii) ttiiedern itiiethecie Furrow irrigation A Sprinkler irrigation T T l l basin drip irrigation irrigation water for a long time. Here the water is sprinkled by sprinklers. e.g. Lawn Spiiiikieiiiiigaiioii In this irrigation the In this method water falls drop by drop directly at water is allowed to enter the field the position of the roots, so it is called through channels of furrows made drip irrigation. It is the best methodto between two rows of crop. e.g., sugar save water. It helps to irrigate grapes, cane, banana, paddy, etc. banana, brinjal, etc. Furrowirrigation V V TV 135 Dripirrigation Crop Production and Management Care must be taken not to water the field excessively. Excess water on for water, nutrients, space and light thereby affecting their growth. the field may cause a condition called _ Waterloggingwhichmay harmthe Someweedsbecome poisonous. crops. ACTIVITY 11 ° Grass Select asmall placeiin yourgarden. T ° Amarantmfs useea spade oria.slho_vel,T.plough the 0 Chenopodlum soeiland sow.seedswith the helpof .r afunnelandsprinklewater. 7 ll Manual weeding: Weeds may TV Tif e if T it be manuallyremovedby hand by uprooting them or by using some tools like hand fork, khurpa and harrow. son The ~yKar.al within seeds and seeds have cotyledons. 3.Ephedra > Ephedrine (Alkaloide) > 4.Gnetum enclosed carpels of ovary which later gets in the and varnishes. cures are cures Agathis> paperpulp 5.Araucaria (Monkeys rheumatism. > paper. puzzle) > Monocotyledons Dicotyledons evergreen ornamental plant. ACTIVITY 3.7. ANGBOSPERMS 1. Angiosperms are flowering plants which forms one of the major groups of seed plants with atleast 2,60,000 living species. 3.5 Takefewgramseedsandmaizet {*s_oak)thenfiin water. iAfteer,somet,i;m.e) e dissectand observer. T= 3.8. MONOCOTYLEDONS The plants which have seeds 2. They occupy every habitat on earth except extreme environments. They with only one cotyledon are called as can be small herbs, shrubs, lianes monocotyledons. e.g., Grass, Paddy, Maize and Wheat or giant trees. 3. Conducting tissues phloem) are present. 4. Secondary growth (formation of bark). (xylem and Endosperm is observed Embryo Maize seed 3.9. DICOTYLEDONS. The plants which have the seeds with two cotyledons are called as dicotyledons. e.g., Bean, Pea, Mango. Bean seed Angiosperms 170 Pictorial Feature on Plant Kingdom Merehelegy ef dicet and merzecot plant Fibrous root system Reticulate veination Parallel veination Calyx and corolla are Calyx and corolla not but fused differentiated eg. Mango, differentiated Flower to form Neem. Floral parts are perianth. Floral parts are in the in the sets of 4 or 5. sets of 3. ACTIVITY 3.6 PullouttagrassplantandasmallAcalyphaplant;Observegthe morphological difference between dicotandmonocot.yR 3.10. STRUCTURE OF ROOT The outer most layer of the root is rhyzodermis. It gives rise to unicellular root hairs. The next layer is cortex, helps in conduction and storage. The xylem vessels transport water from roots to various parts of the plant. The phloem tissues translocates food from leaves to other parts of the plant. There is a conjunctive ssue between xylem and phloem. '3*"i$" hA94*9:ag9.§? Tg1.9 Q. _ 1 Pith is the centre part of the root. It is present in monocot and absent in dicot it helps in storage. T8. of Dicot root T TManyxylembundles inmonocot (Polyarch) T Fourxylembundlesin dicot(Tetrarch) 171 YrV Pictorial Feature on Plant Kingdom 3.-g1_ STRUCTURE QF A STEM @ Ehdcdemtie (Starch Sheath) barrell shaped, helps in protection at Cuticlewaxycoating andConduction in Epidermis - barrel shaped cells, gives protection and produces multi cellular epidermalhairs ® Fer%cy<:3e-parenchymaaltemates WithSCi6TenChYma s Cortex» it is dividedintothree Q Vagwgammgg layers. Collenchyma thickwalled,givesPhiOem'TranS|OCateSfOO mechamcai SUPPOVL Chlorenchyma Cambiumsecondary growth thin walled, filled with chlorophylland helpsinphotosynthesis. X3/em- Conducts Water Parenchyma - thinwalled, helpsin StOi'age and ventilation. Q Medaggagy rayextends between Vascularbundies ® Pitt/z~helps in conduction Cuticle Epidermis Colienchyma ChlorenchymaCOYTGX Parenchyma Endodermis ,9 Perlcycle gigii Phloem Cambium Vascular bundle xylem . 7 1. _ C315. , 000' i 2*; 7'. SofDicot stem (Sunower) 172 Medullary ray Pith Pictorial Feature on Plant Kingdom 3.12. STRUCTURE OF LEAF it Mtlyll ASSUQ Palisade parenchyma cylindrical * Cwme outermost aVecellshavemorecholoyphyll andhelps 9 Upperepiderm%sBarrelshaped inphotosynthesis cells.Helpsinprotection. Spgngyparenchyma _ Oval0, round * V5i$33bWdi¬XV§em C°d°tS shaphedwithlesschlorophyll helpsin water, phloem translocatesStorage andConduction f°°dlsobilateral (eitherspongyor LGWereF3§§@*m§3b?'re"Shaper palisade parenchyma arepresent) in havestomata,helps in exchange monocot ofgases and transpiration. Dorsiventral (both palisade and spongy parenchyma are present) in dicot. Cuticle Upper epidermis Ftalisadeparerrchyrna Mesophyll Spcngy parenchyma }t'SSUe Xylem Phloem Bundle sheath Stometa Lower epidermis T.S of Dicot leaf (Sunower) EVALUATION :,,,; a) An example of saprophyte. (Puccinia / Agaricus) b) Agar-agar is obtained from (Gelidium / Chlorella) ) O ) D. is a palm like Gymnosperm. (Cyca / Pinus) are called as amphibious cryptogams(Bryophytes/Pteridophytes) Pictorial Feature on Plant Kingdom a) Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams. Reasonout in short. b) Antibiotics are extracted from bacteria and fungi. They stop the growth of microorganisms and cure diseases. Give any two antibiotics obtained from fungi. a) Algae that prepare their own food. b) Fungi that either depend on living organisms or non|iving things for their food. c) An organism i) having both algal and fungal characters Algae Nephrolepis 55)B|'Y0Ph)/ta Chlamydomonas iii) Pteridophyta Riccia 6. I am a true terrestial plant. I have root,stem, leaf. I reproduce through spores but I don't have flowers. Who am I? Explain sooksoutnneofB0tany-tf-VNarayanasamv» KN-Rae-and : _j lgot..A.eRaman.s.viswpanathan Prlntersland Publishers. _ , I r V- gwwrw.wikiipeedliga.o.r.g/wigki/pl:antSi ] I 174 . V. , ~