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Фигура речи (Figure of
speech)

Определение

Примеры

Метонимия (Metonymy)

Metonymy – a conceptual
projection whereby one
experiential domain is partially
understood in terms of another
experiential domain included in the
same common experiential
domain.

The pen is mightier than the sword.
(“Richelieu” by Edward BulwerLytton)

Zeugma – linguistic construction in
which a verb governs two nouns,
one of which is literally, and the
other metaphorically, related to
the verb.

I packed my shirt and sadness.

Pun – linguistic construction in
which one word is used in two
syntactic categories.

Your children need your presence
more than your presents. (by Jesse
Jackson)

Зевгма (Zeugma)

Каламбур (Pun)

“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend
me your ears.” (“Julies Caesar” by
W. Shakespeare)

He took his hat and his leave.
“Oh, flowers are as common here,
Miss Fairfax, as people are in
London.” (“The Importance of being
Earnest” by Oscar Wilde)

“The Importance Of Being Earnest”
(by Oscar Wilde)
"The truth is rarely pure and never
simple. Modern life would be very
tedious if it were either, and
modern literature a complete
impossibility!" (“The Importance of
being Earnest” by Oscar Wilde)
Ирония (Irony)

Irony – a statement that
contradicts the actual attitude of
the writer/speaker.

It’s a lovely day (when the weather
is nasty);
Minitru (the Ministry of Truth
dedicates itself to destroying the
truth); Miniluv (the Ministry of Love
handles torture) – “1984” by George
Orwell

Эпитет (Epithet)

Epithet – a stylistic device which
expressively qualifies a subject by
naming its characteristics – reveals
a purely individual emotional
attitude.

lazy road, sweet melodies, tired
landscape.
soft repentant moan (“Morning” by
W. Blake)
“I retired Into a silent bay, or
sportively Glanced sideway” ( by W.
Wordsworth)

a season of happiness and
enjoyment;
“His view is that a sermon nowadays
should be a bright, brisk, straightfrom-the-shoulder address, never
lasting more than ten or twelve
minutes.” (“The Inimitable Jeeves”
by P.G. Wodehouse)
Сравнение (Comparison
/ Simile)

Simile – a linguistic structure of the
form “A is like B. Ordinary
comparisons – generally literally
true, similes – literally false.

Encyclopaedias are like dictionaries.
(comparison by A. Ortony)
Encyclopaedias are like gold mines.
(simile by A. Ortony)
“Old as a coat on a chair; and his
crushed hand as inexpressive as a
bird’s face.” (“Beggar” by Terence
Tiller)
“Rage is like a volcano” (“Rage” by
Jake Atchinson)

Аллюзия (Allusion)

Allusion – a stylistic device, a
reference to a famous historical or
literary figure or event placed in a
different context.

Plan ahead: it wasn’t raining when
Noah built the ark. (by Howard Ruff)

Олицетворение
(Personification)

Personification – a stylistic device
which metaphorically represents
an animal or inanimate object as
having human attributes. Ideas and
abstractions can also be
personified.

I can’t get the fuel pump back on
because this bolt is being
uncooperative.
Wisdom cries aloud in the streets.
Psalm 1:20 (RSV; and cf. 1:21-33)
The ship began to creak and protest
as it struggled against the rising sea.

Антономазия
(Antonomasia)

1) Eponym – substitutes for a
particular attribute or the name of
a famous person recognized
characteristics for that attribute.

You think your boyfriend is tight. I
had a date with Scrooge himself
last night.
Mr. Jingle, Mr. Hyde, Bubbles

2) Telling name – a person’s name
which serves to denote his/her
essential characteristics.
Оксюморон (Oxymoron)

Oxymoron – a stylistic device
which consists of two words either
antonyms or a hyponym of its
antonym.

“To live a life half-dead, a living
death” (by John Milton)
The silence whistles. ("Summer
Night" by Nathan Alterman)