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1233
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
I: Introduction to Powers of 10
I–1 Scientific Notation
I–2 Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes
I–3 Converting between Metric Prefixes
I–4 Addition and Subtraction Involving Powers of 10 Notation
I–5 Multiplication and Division Involving Powers of 10 Notation
I–6 Reciprocals with Powers of 10
I–7 Squaring Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
I–8 Square Roots of Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation
I–9 The Scientific Calculator
Summary
Chapter 1 Electricity
1–1 Negative and Positive Polarities
1–2 Electrons and Protons in the Atom
1–3 Structure of the Atom
1–4 The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge
1–5 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference
1–6 Charge in Motion Is Current
1–7 Resistance Is Opposition to Current
1–8 The Closed Circuit
1–9 The Direction of Current
1–10 Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)
1–11 Sources of Electricity
1–12 The Digital Multimeter
Summary
Chapter 2 Resistors
2–1 Types of Resistors
2–2 Resistor Color Coding
2–3 Variable Resistors
2–4 Rheostats and Potentiometers
2–5 Power Rating of Resistors
2–6 Resistor Troubles
Summary
Chapter 3 Ohm’s Law
3–1 The Current I = V/R
3–2 The Voltage V = IR
3–3 The Resistance R = V/I
3–4 Practical Units
3–5 Multiple and Submultiple Units
3–6 The Linear Proportion between V and I
3–7 Electric Power
3–8 Power Dissipation in Resistance
3–9 Power Formulas
3–10 Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit
3–11 Electric Shock
3–12 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Troubles
Summary
Chapter 4 Series Circuits
4–1 Why I Is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit
4–2 Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances
4–3 Series IR Voltage Drops
4–4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
4–5 Polarity of IR Voltage Drops
4–6 Total Power in a Series Circuit
4–7 Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing Voltages
4–8 Analyzing Series Circuits with Random Unknowns
4–9 Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems
4–10 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits
Summary
Chapter 5 Parallel Circuits
5–1 The Applied Voltage V[sub(A)] Is the Same across Parallel Branches
5–2 Each Branch I Equals V[sub(A)]/R
5–3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
5–4 Resistances in Parallel
5–5 Conductances in Parallel
5–6 Total Power in Parallel Circuits
5–7 Analyzing Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
5–8 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Parallel Circuits
Summary
Chapter 6 Series-Parallel Circuits
6–1 Finding R[sub(T)] for Series-Parallel Resistances
6–2 Resistance Strings in Parallel
6–3 Resistance Banks in Series
6–4 Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel
6–5 Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns
6–6 The Wheatstone Bridge
6–7 Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series-Parallel Circuits
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 1 to 6
Chapter 7 Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers
7–1 Series Voltage Dividers
7–2 Current Divider with Two Parallel Resistances
7–3 Current Division by Parallel Conductances
7–4 Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current
7–5 Design of a Loaded Voltage Divider
Summary
Chapter 8 Analog and Digital Multimeters
8–1 Moving-Coil Meter
8–2 Meter Shunts
8–3 Voltmeters
8–4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter
8–5 Ohmmeters
8–6 Multimeters
8–7 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
8–8 Meter Applications
8–9 Checking Continuity with the Ohmmeter
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 7 and 8
Chapter 9 Kirchhoff’s Laws
9–1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
9–2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
9–3 Method of Branch Currents
9–4 Node-Voltage Analysis
9–5 Method of Mesh Currents
Summary
Chapter 10 Network Theorems
10–1 Superposition Theorem
10–2 Thevenin’s Theorem
10–3 Thevenizing a Circuit with Two Voltage Sources
10–4 Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
10–5 Norton’s Theorem
10–6 Thevenin-Norton Conversions
10–7 Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources
10–8 Millman’s Theorem
10–9 T or Y and π or Δ Connections
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 9 and 10
Chapter 11 Conductors and Insulators
11–1 Function of the Conductor
11–2 Standard Wire Gage Sizes
11–3 Types of Wire Conductors
11–4 Connectors
11–5 Printed Wiring
11–6 Switches
11–7 Fuses
11–8 Wire Resistance
11–9 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
11–10 Ion Current in Liquids and Gases
11–11 Insulators
11–12 Troubleshooting Hints for Wires and Connectors
Summary
Chapter 12 Batteries
12–1 Introduction to Batteries
12–2 The Voltaic Cell
12–3 Common Types of Primary Cells
12–4 Lead-Acid Wet Cell
12–5 Additional Types of Secondary Cells
12–6 Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells
12–7 Current Drain Depends on Load Resistance
12–8 Internal Resistance of a Generator
12–9 Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current Sources
12–10 Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator r[sub(i)]
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 11 and 12
Chapter 13 Magnetism
13–1 The Magnetic Field
13–2 Magnetic Flux (Φ)
13–3 Flux Density (B)
13–4 Induction by the Magnetic Field
13–5 Air Gap of a Magnet
13–6 Types of Magnets
13–7 Ferrites
13–8 Magnetic Shielding
13–9 The Hall Effect
Summary
Chapter 14 Electromagnetism
14–1 Ampere-Turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf)
14–2 Field Intensity (H)
14–3 B-H Magnetization Curve
14–4 Magnetic Hysteresis
14–5 Magnetic Field around an Electric Current
14–6 Magnetic Polarity of a Coil
14–7 Motor Action between Two Magnetic Fields
14–8 Induced Current
14–9 Generating an Induced Voltage
14–10 Relays
Summary
Chapter 15 Alternating Voltage and Current
15–1 Alternating Current Applications
15–2 Alternating-Voltage Generator
15–3 The Sine Wave
15–4 Alternating Current
15–5 Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave
15–6 Frequency
15–7 Period
15–8 Wavelength
15–9 Phase Angle
15–10 The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase
15–11 Alternating Current Circuits with Resistance
15–12 Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms
15–13 Harmonic Frequencies
15–14 The 60-Hz AC Power Line
15–15 Motors and Generators
15–16 Three–Phase AC Power
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 13 to 15
Chapter 16 Capacitance
16–1 How Charge Is Stored in a Dielectric
16–2 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
16–3 The Farad Unit of Capacitance
16–4 Typical Capacitors
16–5 Electrolytic Capacitors
16–6 Capacitor Coding
16–7 Parallel Capacitances
16–8 Series Capacitances
16–9 Energy Stored in Electrostatic Field of Capacitance
16–10 Measuring and Testing Capacitors
16–11 Troubles in Capacitors
Summary
Chapter 17 Capacitive Reactance
17–1 Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit
17–2 The Amount of X[sub(C)] Equals 1/(2πfC)
17–3 Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances
17–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to X[sub(C)]
17–5 Applications of Capacitive Reactance
17–6 Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current
Summary
Chapter 18 Capacitive Circuits
18–1 Sine Wave v[sub(C)] Lags i[sub(C)] by 90°
18–2 X[sub(C)] and R in Series
18–3 Impedance Z Triangle
18-4 RC Phase-Shifter Circuit
18–5 X[sub(C)] and R in Parallel
18–6 RF and AF Coupling Capacitors
18–7 Capacitive Voltage Dividers
18–8 The General Case of Capacitive Current i[sub(C)]
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 16 to 18
Chapter 19 Inductance
19–1 Induction by Alternating Current
19–2 Self-Inductance L
19–3 Self-Induced Voltage v[sub(L)]
19–4 How v[sub(L)] Opposes a Change in Current
19–5 Mutual Inductance L[sub(M)]
19–6 Transformers
19–7 Transformer Ratings
19–8 Impedance Transformation
19–9 Core Losses
19–10 Types of Cores
19–11 Variable Inductance
19–12 Inductances in Series or Parallel
19–13 Energy in a Magnetic Field of Inductance
19–14 Stray Capacitive and Inductive Effects
19–15 Measuring and Testing Inductors
Summary
Chapter 20 Inductive Reactance
20–1 How X[sub(L)] Reduces the Amount of I
20–2 X[sub(L)] = 2πfL
20–3 Series or Parallel Inductive Reactances
20–4 Ohm’s Law Applied to X[sub(L)]
20–5 Applications of X[sub(L)] for Different Frequencies
20–6 Waveshape of v[sub(L)] Induced by Sine-Wave Current
Summary
Chapter 21 Inductive Circuits
21–1 Sine Wave i[sub(L)] Lags v[sub(L)] by 90°
21–2 X[sub(L)] and R in Series
21–3 Impedance Z Triangle
21–4 X[sub(L)] and R in Parallel
21–5 Q of a Coil
21–6 AF and RF Chokes
21–7 The General Case of Inductive Voltage
Summary
Chapter 22 RC and L/R Time Constants
22–1 Response of Resistance Alone
22–2 L /R Time Constant
22–3 High Voltage Produced by Opening an RL Circuit
22–4 RC Time Constant
22–5 RC Charge and Discharge Curves
22–6 High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting an RC Circuit
22–7 RC Waveshapes
22–8 Long and Short Time Constants
22–9 Charge and Discharge with a Short RC Time Constant
22–10 Long Time Constant for an RC Coupling Circuit
22–11 Advanced Time Constant Analysis
22–12 Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 19 to 22
Chapter 23 Alternating Current Circuits
23–1 AC Circuits with Resistance but No Reactance
23–2 Circuits with X[sub(L)] Alone
23–3 Circuits with X[sub(C)] Alone
23–4 Opposite Reactances Cancel
23–5 Series Reactance and Resistance
23–6 Parallel Reactance and Resistance
23–7 Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance
23–8 Real Power
23–9 AC Meters
23–10 Wattmeters
23–11 Summary of Types of Ohms in AC Circuits
23–12 Summary of Types of Phasors in AC Circuits
Summary
Chapter 24 Complex Numbers for AC Circuits
24–1 Positive and Negative Numbers
24–2 The j Operator
24–3 Definition of a Complex Number
24–4 How Complex Numbers Are Applied to AC Circuits
24–5 Impedance in Complex Form
24–6 Operations with Complex Numbers
24–7 Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Number
24–8 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
24–9 Converting Polar to Rectangular Form
24–10 Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits
24–11 Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits
24–12 Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances
24–13 Combining Complex Branch Currents
24–14 Parallel Circuit with Three Complex Branches
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 23 and 24
Chapter 25 Resonance
25–1 The Resonance Effect
25–2 Series Resonance
25–3 Parallel Resonance
25–4 Resonant Frequency f[sub(r)] = 1 (2πLC)
25–5 Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit
25–6 Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit
25–7 Tuning
25–8 Mistuning
25–9 Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits
25–10 Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits
25–11 Choosing L and C for a Resonant Circuit
Summary
Chapter 26 Filters
26–1 Examples of Filtering
26–2 Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current
26–3 Transformer Coupling
26–4 Capacitive Coupling
26–5 Bypass Capacitors
26–6 Filter Circuits
26–7 Low-Pass Filters
26–8 High-Pass Filters
26–9 Analyzing Filter Circuits
26–10 Decibels and Frequency Response Curves
26–11 Resonant Filters
26-12 Interference Filters
Summary
Cumulative Review Summary Chapters 25 and 26
Chapter 27 Diodes and Diode Applications
27–1 Semiconductor Materials
27–2 The p-n Junction Diode
27–3 Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve
27–4 Diode Approximations
27–5 Diode Ratings
27–6 Rectifier Circuits
27–7 Special Diodes
Summary
Chapter 28 Bipolar Junction Transistors
28–1 Transistor Construction
28–2 Proper Transistor Biasing
28–3 Transistor Operating Regions
28–4 Transistor Ratings
28–5 Checking a Transistor with an Ohmmeter
28–6 Transistor Biasing Techniques
Summary
Chapter 29 Transistor Amplifiers
29–1 AC Resistance of a Diode
29–2 Small Signal Amplifier Operation
29–3 AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier
29–4 Calculating the Voltage Gain, A[sub(V)], of a CE Amplifier
29–5 Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier
29–6 Common-Collector Amplifier
29–7 AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower
29-8 Emitter Follower Applications
29-9 Common-Base Amplifier
29-10 AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier
Summary
Chapter 30 Field Effect Transistors
30–1 JFETs and Their Characteristics
30–2 JFET Biasing Techniques
30–3 JFET Amplifiers
30–4 MOSFETs and Their Characteristics
30–5 MOSFET Biasing Techniques
30–6 Handling MOSFETs
Summary
Chapter 31 Power Amplifiers
31–1 Classes of Operation
31–2 Class A Amplifiers
31–3 Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers
31–4 Class C Amplifiers
Summary
Chapter 32 Thyristors
32–1 Diacs
32–2 SCRs and Their Characteristics
32–3 Triacs
32–4 Unijunction Transistors
Summary
Chapter 33 Operational Amplifiers
33–1 Differential Amplifiers
33–2 Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics
33–3 Op-Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback
33–4 Popular Op-Amp Circuits
Summary
Appendix A: Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations
Appendix B: Solder and the Soldering Process
Appendix C: Listing of Preferred Resistance Values
Appendix D: Component Schematic Symbols
Appendix E: Using the Oscilloscope
Appendix F: Introduction to MultiSim
Glossary
Answers: Self-Tests
Answers: Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems
Credits
Index